<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krueger, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gates, R. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cultivating endosymbionts-host environmental mimics support the survival of Symbiodinium C15 ex hospite.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13 January 2012</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">413</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">169-176</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sustaining in vitro cultures of endosymbiotic dino?agellates in the genus Symbiodinium is important, addressing questions relating to Symbiodinium function and Symbiodinium dependent host</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2012-93503</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Padilla-Gamiño, J. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pochon, X.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bird, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Concepcion, G. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gates, R. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">From parent to gamete: vertical transmission of Symbiodinium (Dinophyceae) ITS2 sequence assemblages in the reef building coral Montipora capitata.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PLoS One</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e38440</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parental effects are ubiquitous in nature and in many organisms play a particularly critical role in the transfer of symbionts across generations; however, their influence and relative importance in the marine environment has rarely been considered. Coral reefs are biologically diverse and productive marine ecosystems, whose success is framed by symbiosis between reef-building corals and unicellular dinoflagellates in the genus Symbiodinium. Many corals produce aposymbiotic larvae that are infected by Symbiodinium from the environment (horizontal transmission), which allows for the acquisition of new endosymbionts (different from their parents) each generation. In the remaining species, Symbiodinium are transmitted directly from parent to offspring via eggs (vertical transmission), a mechanism that perpetuates the relationship between some or all of the Symbiodinium diversity found in the parent through multiple generations. Here we examine vertical transmission in the Hawaiian coral Montipora capitata by comparing the Symbiodinium ITS2 sequence assemblages in parent colonies and the eggs they produce. Parental effects on sequence assemblages in eggs are explored in the context of the coral genotype, colony morphology, and the environment of parent colonies. Our results indicate that ITS2 sequence assemblages in eggs are generally similar to their parents, and patterns in parental assemblages are different, and reflect environmental conditions, but not colony morphology or coral genotype. We conclude that eggs released by parent colonies during mass spawning events are seeded with different ITS2 sequence assemblages, which encompass phylogenetic variability that may have profound implications for the development, settlement and survival of coral offspring.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2012-93504</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Franklin, E. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stat, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pochon, X.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Putnam, H. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gates, R. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GeoSymbio: A hybrid, cloud-based web application of global geospatial bioinformatics and ecoinformatics for Symbiodinium-host symbioses</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular Ecology Resources</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">369-373</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The genus Symbiodinium encompasses a group of unicellular, photosynthetic dinoflagellates that are found free living or in hospite with a wide range of marine invertebrate hosts including scleractinian corals. We present GeoSymbio, a hybrid web application that provides an online, easy to use and freely accessible interface for users to discover, explore and utilize global geospatial bioinformatic and ecoinformatic data on Symbiodinium host symbioses. The novelty of this application lies in the combination of a variety of query and visualization tools, including dynamic searchable maps, data tables with filter and grouping functions, and interactive charts that summarize the data. Importantly, this application is hosted remotely or in the cloud using Google Apps, and therefore does not require any specialty GIS, web programming or data programming expertise from the user. The current version of the application utilizes Symbiodinium data based on the ITS2 genetic marker from PCR-based techniques, including denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, sequencing and cloning of specimens collected during 1982-2010. All data elements of the application are also downloadable as spatial files, tables and nucleic acid sequence files in common formats for desktop analysis. The application provides a unique tool set to facilitate research on the basic biology of Symbiodinium and expedite new insights into their ecology, biogeography and evolution in the face of a changing global climate. GeoSymbio can be accessed at https://sites.google.com/site/geosymbio/.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2012-86903</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pochon, X.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Putnam, H. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burki, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gates, R. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Identifying and characterizing alternative molecular markers for the symbiotic and free-living dinoflagellate genus Symbiodinium.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PLoS One</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4 January 2012</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e29816</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dinoflagellates in the genus Symbiodinium are best known as endosymbionts of corals and other invertebrate as well as protist hosts, but also exist free-living in coastal environments. Despite their importance in marine ecosystems, less than 10 loci have been used to explore phylogenetic relationships in this group, and only the multi-copy nuclear ribosomal Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) regions 1 and 2 have been used to characterize fine-scale genetic diversity within the nine clades (A–I) that comprise the genus. Here, we describe a three-step molecular approach focused on 1) identifying new candidate genes for phylogenetic analysis of Symbiodinium spp., 2) characterizing the phylogenetic relationship of these candidate genes from DNA samples spanning eight Symbiodinium clades (A–H), and 3) conducting in-depth phylogenetic analyses of candidate genes displaying genetic divergences equal or higher than those within the ITS-2 of Symbiodinium clade C. To this end, we used bioinformatics tools and reciprocal comparisons to identify homologous genes from 55,551 cDNA sequences representing two Symbiodinium and six additional dinoflagellate EST libraries. Of the 84 candidate genes identified, 7 Symbiodinium genes (elf2, coI, coIII, cob, calmodulin, rad24, and actin) were characterized by sequencing 23 DNA samples spanning eight Symbiodinium clades (A–H). Four genes displaying higher rates of genetic divergences than ITS-2 within clade C were selected for in-depth phylogenetic analyses, which revealed that calmodulin has limited taxonomic utility but that coI, rad24, and actin behave predictably with respect to Symbiodinium lineage C and are potential candidates as new markers for this group. The approach for targeting candidate genes described here can serve as a model for future studies aimed at identifying and testing new phylogenetically informative genes for taxa where transcriptomic and genomics data are available.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2012-93505</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stat, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gates, R. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clade D Symbiodinium in scleractinian corals: a “nugget</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Marine Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">730715</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clade D Symbiodinium are thermally tolerant coral endosymbionts that confer resistance to elevated sea surface temperature and bleaching to the host. The union between corals and clade D is thus important to management and coral conservation. Here, we review the diversity and biogeography of clade D Symbiodinium, factors linked to increasing abundances of clade D, and the benefits and drawbacks of associating with clade D for corals. We identify clade D Symbiodinium as uncommon pandemically distributed generalists found in higher abundances on reefs exposed to challenging sea surface temperatures and local stressors or with a history of bleaching. This distribution suggests that clade D Symbiodinium are mostly opportunistic endosymbionts, whereby they outcompete and replace optimal symbionts in health-compromised corals. We conclude by identifying research gaps that limit our understanding of the adaptive role clade D Symbiodinium play in corals and discuss the utility of monitoring clade D Symbiodinium as indicators of habitat degradation in coral reef ecosystems.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2011-93508</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Salerno, J. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reineman, D. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gates, R. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rappé, M. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effect of a sublethal temperature elevation on the structure of bacterial communities associated with the coral Porites compressa.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Marine Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">969173</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evidence points to a link between environmental stressors, coral-associated bacteria, and coral disease; however, few studies have examined the details of this relationship under tightly controlled experimental conditions. To address this gap, an array of closed-system, precision-controlled experimental aquaria were used to investigate the effects of an abrupt 1°C above summer ambient temperature increase on the bacterial community structure and photophysiology of Porites compressa corals. While the temperature treatment rapidly impacted the photophysiology of the coral host, it did not elicit a statistically significant shift in bacterial community structure from control, untreated corals as determined by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of 16S rRNA genes. Two of three coral colonies harbored more closely related bacterial communities at the time of collection and, despite statistically significant shifts in bacterial community structure for both control and treatment corals during the 10-day acclimation period, maintained this relationship over the course of the experiment. The experimental design used in this study proved to be a robust, reproducible system for investigating coral microbiology in an aquarium setting.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2011-93506</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Padilla-Gamino, J. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weatherby, T. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Waller, R. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gates, R. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Formation and structural organization of the egg-sperm bundle of the scleractinian coral Montipora capitata.</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">05 December 2010</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">371-380</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The majority of scleractinian corals are hermaphrodites that broadcast spawn their gametes separately or packaged as egg sperm bundles during spawning events that are timed to the lunar cycle. The egg sperm bundle is an efficient way of transporting gametes to the ocean surface where fertilization takes place, while minimizing sperm dilution and maximizing the opportunity for gamete encounters during a spawning event. To date, there are few studies that focus on the formation and structure of egg sperm bundle. This study explores formation, ultrastructure, and longevity of the egg sperm bundle in Montipora capitata, a major reef building coral in Hawaii. Our results show that the eggsperm bundle is formed by a mucus layer secreted by the oocytes. The sperm package is located at the center of each bundle, possibly reflecting the development of male and female gametes in different mesenteries. Once the egg sperm bundle has reached the ocean surface, it breaks open within 10 35 min, depending on the environmental conditions (i.e., wind, water turbulence).  Although the bundle has an ephemeral life span, the formation of an egg</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2011-86096</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gates, R. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ainsworth, T. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The nature and taxonomic composition of coral symbiomes as drivers of performance limits in scleractinian corals.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">408</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">94-101</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">All plants and animals host complex communities of taxonomically diverse microbial assemblages (viruses, Archeae, Bacteria, micro-eukaryotes) that contribute to the functional attributes of the host organism. Scleractinian corals represent particularly provocative subjects for study in this context because they are morphologically complex and associate with a broad diversity of macro invertebrates and vertebrates as well as microorganisms. Representatives of all these taxonomic groupings have been shown to contribute to the function of corals through direct or indirect provisioning and cycling of nutrients, waste removal, defence, and stress tolerance, traits that influence the fitness and environmental thresholds of individual coral colonies. How the taxonomic composition, functional limits and interactive nature of members of these communities vary among and within host species, and scale up to influence community level processes that drive ecosystem structure and function through time and space is unknown; these communities are, however, taxonomically variable among individual corals. Here we draw on the published literature to discuss the ecological and functional significance of the broad and variable taxonomic symbioses found closely associated with corals. Using a comparative approach, we hypothesize that the intra-specific and inter-specific variations in response of corals to environmental disturbance is linked to differences in the specificity, nature and composition of these symbiotic assemblages and reflect variation in the architectural complexity (micro and macro) and capacity of corals to provision habitat. We describe individual coral colonies as symbiomes, unique micro-ecosystems bounded by the physical limits of the coral colony whose performance limits reflect the taxonomic range of the associates (micro and macro) found within the colony. We explicitly recognize the fact that corals represent complex ecological communities composed of organisms that have the potential to compete, as well as interact with one another and the host as commensals, mutualists and parasites, states that likely to be dynamic with nature, context and environment.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2011-86109</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Padilla-Gamino, J. L.</style></author></authors><tertiary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gates, R. D.</style></author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spawning dynamics and parental effects in the Hawaiian scleractinian coral Montipora capitata.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zoology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">University of Hawai'i, Manoa, Manoa, HI</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Manoa</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coral reefs are some of the most diverse and productive ecosystems on the planet and function as important spawning, breeding and feeding areas for many organisms in the tropical seas. The persistence of these ecosystems relies on spawning events with remarkable synchronicity during limited periods each year and the ability of coral holobionts (animal host and symbiotic community) to acclimatize and/or adapt to environmental change. The goal of this dissertation was to advance our understanding about the spatial and temporal variation in coral reproductive capability and parental effects in scleractinian corals. Specifically, this work explored for the first time (1) the spawning dynamics of a major reef building coral (broadcast spawner) from the central Pacific using a systematic sampling of the gametes in the field, (2) the ultrastructure of the egg-sperm bundle and (3) how the variability in parental environmental and physiological conditions (host and &lt;i&gt;Symbiodinium&lt;/i&gt;) relates to the phenotype of gametes in a scleractinian coral. Spawning dynamics of &lt;i&gt;Montipora capitata&lt;/i&gt; varied among years, months and lunar days. Synchrony and proportion of spawning colonies did not reflect differences in coral colony morphology or environment between sites. Major changes in spawned material occurred in different years, suggesting that reproductive output may have been controlled by changes in the coral's phenology and/or stress associated with larger temperature fluctuations. &lt;i&gt;M. capitata&lt;/i&gt; is a coral with extraordinary phenotypic plasticity that can release a diverse array of gametes (depending on the parental environment) within a mass spawning event. Oocytes released by different parents were seeded with different &lt;i&gt;Symbiodinium&lt;/i&gt; assemblages and had different biochemical traits, yielding taxonomic and phenotypic variability that may have profound implications for the early development, settlement and survival of coral offspring. Further research is necessary to understand the causes of variability in spawning at different temporal scales and how spawning cues may interact and affect the reproductive physiology at the population, organism and polyp level. Understanding these relationships will help us to better predict the effects of climate change on the phenology and reproductive success of corals, which are critical for the resilience and persistence of coral reef ecosystems.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2011-86112</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stat, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bird, C. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pochon, X.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chasqui, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chauka, L. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Concepcion, G. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logan, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Takabayashi, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gates, R. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation in Symbiodinium ITS2 sequence assemblages among coral colonies.</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e15854</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Endosymbiotic dinoflagellates in the genus Symbiodinium are fundamentally important to the biology of scleractinian corals, as well as to a variety of other marine organisms. The genus Symbiodinium is genetically and functionally diverse and the taxonomic nature of the union between Symbiodinium and corals is implicated as a key trait determining the environmental tolerance of the symbiosis. Surprisingly, the question of how Symbiodinium diversity partitions within a species across spatial scales of meters to kilometers has received little attention, but is important to understanding the intrinsic biological scope of a given coral population and adaptations to the local environment. Here we address this gap by describing the Symbiodinium ITS2 sequence assemblages recovered from colonies of the reef building coral Montipora capitata sampled across Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii. A total of 52 corals were sampled in a nested design of Coral Colony(Site(Region)) reflecting spatial scales of meters to kilometers. A diversity of Symbiodinium ITS2 sequences was recovered with the majority of variance partitioning at the level of the Coral Colony. To confirm this result, the Symbiodinium ITS2 sequence diversity in six M. capitata colonies were analyzed in much greater depth with 35 to 55 clones per colony. The ITS2 sequences and quantitative composition recovered from these colonies varied significantly, indicating that each coral hosted a different assemblage of Symbiodinium. The diversity of Symbiodinium ITS2 sequence assemblages retrieved from individual colonies of M. capitata here highlights the problems inherent in interpreting multi-copy and intra-genomically variable molecular markers, and serves as a context for discussing the utility and biological relevance of assigning species names based on Symbiodinium ITS2 genotyping.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2011-86103</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yancey, P. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heppenstall, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ly, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrell, R. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gates, R. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carter, V.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hagedorn, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betaines and dimethylsulfoniopropionate as major osmolytes in Cnidaria with endosymbiotic dinoflagellates</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">167-173</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Most marine invertebrates and algae are osmoconformers whose cells accumulate organic osmolytes that provide half or more of cellular osmotic pressure. These solutes are primarily free amino acids and glycine betaine in most invertebrates and small carbohydrates and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) in many algae. Corals with endosymbiotic dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium spp.) have been reported to obtain from the symbionts potential organic osmolytes such as glycerol, amino acids, and DMSP. However, corals and their endosymbionts have not been fully analyzed for osmolytes. We quantified small carbohydrates, free amino acids, methylamines, and DMSP in tissues of the corals Fungia scutaria, Pocillopora damicornis, Pocillopora meandrina, Montipora capitata, Porites compressa, and Porites lobata (all with symbionts) plus Tubastrea aurea (asymbiotic) from Kaneohe Bay, Oahu (Hawaii). Glycine betaine, at 33-69 mmol/kg wet mass, was found to constitute 90% or more of the measured organic solutes in all except the Porites species. Those were dominated by proline betaine and dimethyltaurine. DMSP was found at 0.5-3 mmol/kg in all species with endosymbionts. Freshly isolated Symbiodinium from Fungia, P. damicornis, and P. compressa were also analyzed. DMSP and glycine betaine dominated in the first two; Porites endosymbionts had DMSP, proline betaine, and dimethyltaurine. In all specimens, glycerol and glucose were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography only at 0-1 mmol/kg wet mass. An enzymatic assay for glycerol plus glycerol 3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate yielded 1-10 mmol/kg. Cassiopeia andromeda (upside-down jelly; Scyphozoan) and Aiptasia puchella (solitary anemone; Anthozoan) were also analyzed; both have endosymbiotic dinoflagellates. In both, glycine betaine, taurine, and DMSP were the dominant osmolytes. In summary, methylated osmolytes dominate in many Cnidaria; in those with algal symbionts, host and symbiont have similar methylated amino acids, as do congeners. However, little glycerol was present as an osmolyte and was probably metabolized before it could accumulate.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2010-83547</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pochon, X.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stat, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Takabayashi, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chasqui, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chauka, L. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logan, D. D. K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gates, R. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparison of endosymbiotic and free-living Symbiodinium (Dinophyceae) diversity in a Hawaiian reef environment</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53-65</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Many scleractinian corals must acquire their endosymbiotic dinoflagellates (genus Symbiodinium) anew each generation from environmental pools, and exchange between endosymbiotic and environmental pools of Symbiodinium (reef waters and sediments) has been proposed as a mechanism for optimizing coral physiology in the face of environmental change. Our understanding of the diversity of Symbiodinium spp. in environmental pools is poor by comparison to that engaged in endosymbiosis, which reflects the challenges of visualizing the genus against the backdrop of the complex and diverse micro-eukaryotic communities found free-living in the environment. Here, the molecular diversity of Symbiodinium living in the waters and sediments of a reef near Coconut Island, O'ahu, Hawai'i, sampled at four hourly intervals over a period of 5 d was characterized using a Symbiodinium-specific hypervariable region of the chloroplast 23S. A comparison of Symbiodinium spp. diversity recovered from environmental samples with the endosymbiotic diversity in coral species that dominate the adjacent reef revealed limited overlap between these communities. These data suggest that the potential for infection, exchange, and/or repopulation of corals with Symbiodinium derived from the environment is limited at this location, a finding that is perhaps consistent with the high proportion of coral species in this geographic region that transmit endosymbionts from generation to generation.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2010-83545</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hofmann, G. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barry, J. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Edmunds, P.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gates, R. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hutchins, D. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Klinger, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sewell, M. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effect of ocean acidification on calcifying organisms in marine ecosystems: an organism to ecosystem perspective</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">127-147</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ocean acidification (OA), a consequence of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, poses a serious threat to marine organisms in tropical, open ocean, coastal, deep-sea, and high-latitude sea ecosystems. The diversity of taxonomic groups that precipitate calcium carbonate from seawater are at particularly high risk. Here we review the rapidly expanding literature concerning the biological and ecological impacts of OA on calcification, using a cross-scale, process-oriented approach. In comparison to calcification, we find that areas such as fertilization, early life-history stages, and interaction with synergistic stressors are understudied. Although understanding the long-term consequences of OA are critical, available studies are largely short-term experiments that do not allow for tests of long-term acclimatization or adaptation. Future research on the phenotypic plasticity of contemporary organisms and interpretations of performance in the context of current environmental heterogeneity of pCO2 will greatly aid in our understanding of how organisms will respond to OA in the future.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2010-85827</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Green, D. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Edmunds, P.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pochon, X.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gates, R. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effects of substratum type on the growth, mortality, and phytophysiology of juvenile corals in St. John, US Virgin Islands</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">384</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18-29</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coral larvae are selective with regards to the surfaces upon which they settle, but little is known about the outcome of these choices. In this study, we explored the implications for juvenile scleractinians (&lt;40-mm diameter) of growing on igneous versus carbonate rock on the shallow reefs (5-m depth) of St. John, US Virgin Islands. Surveys revealed that juvenile corals occurred at densities of 16 colonies m(-2) and were distributed on igneous and carbonate rocks in proportion to the abundance of these surfaces, suggesting that larvae do not discriminate between rock types at settlement. Repeated surveys demonstrated that all juvenile corals (i.e., pooled among taxa) grew 41% slower on igneous versus carbonate rock between January and August, but not between August and January when the growth was statistically indistinguishable between rock types. Although the growth of the most common juvenile coral, Porites astreoides, was similar on both substrata, the photophysiology of this species was affected by the type of rock. The maximum relative electron transfer rate (rETR, a proxy for photosynthesis) of P. astreoides was down-regulated 30% on igneous compared to carbonate rock. Phylogenetic analyses of the Symbiodinium community sequence profiles within P. astreoides revealed significant differences between substrata, with a greater diversity of co-occurring ITS-2 sequences in corals growing on carbonate compared to igneous rock. While substratum-dependent patterns in the characteristics of juvenile corals suggested there is selective value to the settlement choices made by larvae, these trends did not translate into differences in survival, at least over the time scale investigated. It remains uncertain what features of the rocks affected coral performance, but differences in the temperature of the rock may be an important feature during the warmest period of the year.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2010-83542</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mayfield, A. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hsiao, Y.-Y.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fan, T.-Y.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, C.-S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gates, R. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evaluating the temporal stability of stress-activated protein kinase and cytoskeleton gene expression in the Pacific reef corals Pocillopora damicornis and Seritopora hystrix.</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">395</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">215-222</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The gastrodermal tissues of anthozoans that harbor endosymbiotic Symbiodinium experience light-dependent fluxes in dinoflagellate derived photosynthetic compounds that have the potential to impact the osmotic homeostasis of the animal. To explore this unusual osmoregulatory scenario, genes encoding proteins that play highly conserved roles in osmoregulation (mitogen-activated protein kinases, [MAPKs]) and the maintenance of the cytoskeleton (ß-actin, tropomyosin, and ?-tubulin) were quantover diel cycles using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The expression of MAPK genes in Pocillopora damicornis increased at night, while the expression of cytoskeleton genes in Seriatopora hystrix decreased. The increase in P. damicornis MAPK expression may reflect host osmolyte production in response to reduced osmotic pressure at night. The concomitant decrease in expression of genes encoding cytoskeleton proteins at night is consistent with this interpretation, indicating reduced production of spatially demanding proteins under periods of intracellular crowding. However, the latter interpretation is confounded by the fact that molecularly-inferred Symbiodinium densities were found to be significantly greater at night in both corals, so changes in cytoskeletal gene expression may also reflect crowding to accommodate the greater density of these endosymbionts. In addition to providing insight into an unusual physiological attribute of photosynthetic endosymbioses, this study represents the first to measure gene behavior in field and cultured corals with a method that considers the dual-compartment nature of the associations.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2010-86090</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pochon, X. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gates, R. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A new Symbiodinium clade (Dinophyceae) from soritid foraminifera in Hawai’i</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">492-497</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dinoflagellates in the genus Symbiodinium are crucial components of coral reef ecosystems in their roles as endosymbionts of corals and other marine invertebrates. The genus Symbiodinium encompasses eight lineages (clades A–H), and multiple sub-clade types. Symbiodinium in clades A, B, C, and D are most commonly associated with metazoan hosts while clades C, D, F, G, and H with large soritid foraminifera.  Recent studies have described a diversity of new Symbiodinium types within each clades, but no new clades have been reported since 2001. Here, we describe a new clade of Symbiodinium isolated from soritid foraminifera from Hawai’i.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2010-84622</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barshis, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stillman, J. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gates, R. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Toonen, R. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith, L. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Birkeland, C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protein expression and genetic structure of the coral Porites lobata in an environmentally extreme Samoan back reef: does host genotype limit phenotypic plasticity</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1705-1720</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The degree to which coral reef ecosystems will be impacted by global climate change depends on regional and local differences in corals' susceptibility and resilience to environmental stressors. Here, we present data from a reciprocal transplant experiment using the common reef building coral Porites lobata between a highly fluctuating back reef environment that reaches stressful daily extremes, and a more stable, neighbouring forereef. Protein biomarker analyses assessing physiological contributions to stress resistance showed evidence for both fixed and environmental influence on biomarker response. Fixed influences were strongest for ubiquitin-conjugated proteins with consistently higher levels found in back reef source colonies both pre and post-transplant when compared with their forereef conspecifics. Additionally, genetic comparisons of back reef and forereef populations revealed significant population structure of both the nuclear ribosomal and mitochondrial genomes of the coral host (F-ST = 0.146 P &lt; 0.0001, F-ST = 0.335 P &lt; 0.0001 for rDNA and mtDNA, respectively), whereas algal endosymbiont populations were genetically indistinguishable between the two sites. We propose that the genotype of the coral host may drive limitations to the physiological responses of these corals when faced with new environmental conditions. This result is important in understanding genotypic and environmental interactions in the coral algal symbiosis and how corals may respond to future environmental changes.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2010-84620</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Palmer, C. V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gates, R. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skeletal Eroding Band in Hawaiian corals</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">469-469</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Most studies on coral reefs have focused on shallow reef (&lt;30 m) systems due to the technical limitations of conducting scientific diving deeper than 30 m. Compared to their shallow-water counterparts, these mesophotic coral reefs (30–150 m) are understudied, which has slowed our broader understanding of the biodiversity, ecology, and connectivity of shallow and deep coral reef communities. We know that the light environment is an important component of the productivity, physiology, and ecology of corals, and it restricts the distribution of most species of coral to depths of 60 m or less. In the Bahamas, the coral Montastraea cavernosa has a wide depth distribution, and it is one of the most numerous corals at mesophotic depths. Using a range of optical, physiological, and biochemical approaches, the relative dependence on autotrophy vs. heterotrophy was assessed for this coral from 3 to 91 m. These measurements show that the quantum yield of PSII fluorescence increases significantly with depth for M. cavernosa while gross primary productivity decreases with depth. Both morphological and physiological photoacclimatization occurs to a depth of 91 m, and stable isotope data of the host tissues, symbionts, and skeleton reveal a marked decrease in productivity and a sharp transition to heterotrophy between 45 and 61 m. Below these depths, significant changes in the genetic composition of the zooxanthellae community, including genotypes not previously observed, occur and suggest that there is strong selection for zooxanthellae that are suited for survival in the light-limited environment where mesophotic M. cavernosa are occurring.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2010-84621</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hedouin, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reichelt-Brushett, A. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gates, R. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment of metals and a metalloid in sediments from Hawaiian coral reef ecosystems.</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1759-1765</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2009-83519</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Van Oppen, M. J. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leong, J. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gates, R. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coral-virus interactions: A double-edged sword?</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;Go to ISI&gt;://000264431200001</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">47</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-8</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0334-5114</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marine viruses were little studied until 1989, when they were discovered to be extremely abundant in the sea. Virology is now a growing field of science in coral reef research, largely related to an increase in the frequency of coral bleaching events and other coral diseases. Because viruses are obligate symbionts, they are generally perceived as parasitic and harmful to their hosts. However, evidence that viruses confer benefits to their hosts is growing and their role as mutualists is emerging. Here we review both the detrimental and beneficial aspects of viral infections and argue that as the field of coral virology expands, in addition to their pathogenicity, the idea that viruses represent functionally beneficial components of the coral holobiont be considered.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2009-83534</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olson, N. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ainsworth, T. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gates, R. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Takabayashi, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diazotrophic bacteria associated with Hawaiian Montipora corals: Diversity and abundance in correlation with symbiotic dinoflagellates</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;Go to ISI&gt;://000265466200005</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">371</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">140-146</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0022-0981</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The primary productivity of coral-dinoflagellate symbiosis is classically viewed as nitrogen (N)-limited. However, the recent discovery of N-fixing bacteria residing within coral tissues challenges this view. This study investigated the diversity and abundance of N-fixing bacteria associated with Hawaiian corals of the genus Montipora. Phylogenetic analysis of a partial sequence of the nitrogenase gene (nifH), revealed a diverse group of N-fixing bacteria in association with Montipora capitata and Montipora flabellata. These nifH sequences were closely affiliated with known taxa in alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-proteobacteria, as well as cyanobacteria. Gamma-proteobacteria were the dominant bacterial class represented, and bacteria closely related to the genus Vibrio were the prevailing group within this class. Quantitative PCR was used to evaluate the abundance of the dominant class of N-fixing bacteria from different parts of four M. capitata colonies. The abundance of the dominant gamma-proteobacteria was positively correlated (p = 0.001) with the abundance of symbiotic dinoflagellates, suggesting a physiological relationship between the two coral symbionts. The evidence obtained in this study suggests that N-limitation may not be a major regulator of the productivity of dinoflagellate symbionts of corals, but provides impetus for renewed investigation into N-cycling in this multi-partner symbiosis. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2009-83526</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mayfield, A. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hirst, M. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gates, R. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gene expression normalization in a dual-compartment system: a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction protocol for symbiotic anthozoans</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;Go to ISI&gt;://000263333100003</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">462-470</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1755-098X</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Traditional real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction protocols cannot be used accurately with symbiotic organisms unless the relative contribution of each symbiotic compartment to the total nucleic acid pool is known. A modified 'universal reference gene' protocol was created for reef-building corals and sea anemones, anthozoans that harbour endosymbiotic dinoflagellates belonging to the genus Symbiodinium. Gene expression values are first normalized to an RNA spike and then to a symbiont molecular proxy that represents the number of Symbiodinium cells extracted and present in the RNA. The latter is quantified using the number of genome copies of heat shock protein-70 (HSP70) amplified in the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Gene expression values are then normalized to the total concentration of RNA to account for differences in the amount of live tissue extracted among experimental treatments and replicates. The molecular quantification of symbiont cells and effect of increasing symbiont contributions to the nucleic acid pool on gene expression were tested in vivo using differentially infected sea anemones Aiptasia pulchella. This protocol has broad application to researchers who seek to measure gene expression in mixed organism assemblages.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2009-83522</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chan, Y. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pochon, X.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fisher, M. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wagner, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Concepcion, G. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kahng, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Toonen, R. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gates, R. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Generalist dinoflagellate endosymbionts and host genotype diversity detected from mesophotic (67-100 m depths) coral Leptoseris</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2009-83513</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Palmer, C. V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roth, M. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gates, R. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Red Fluorescent Protein Responsible for Pigmentation in Trematode-Infected Porites compressa Tissues</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;Go to ISI&gt;://000263442100007</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">216</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">68-74</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0006-3185</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reports of coral disease have increased dramatically over the last decade; however, the biological mechanisms that corals utilize to limit infection and resist disease remain poorly understood. Compromised coral tissues often display non-normal pigmentation that potentially represents an inflammation-like response, although these pigments remain uncharacterized. Using spectral emission analysis and cryo-histological and electrophoretic techniques, we investigated the pink pigmentation associated with trematodiasis, infection with Podocotyloides stenometre larval trematode, in Porites compressa. Spectral emission analysis reveals that macroscopic areas of pink pigmentation fluoresce under blue light excitation (450 nm) and produce a broad emission peak at 590 nm (+/- 6) with a 60-nm full width at half maximum. Electrophoretic protein separation of pigmented tissue extract confirms the red fluorescence to be a protein rather than a low-molecular-weight compound. Histological sections demonstrate (green fluorescence in healthy coral tissue and red fluorescence in the trematodiasis-compromised tissue. The red fluorescent protein (FP) is limited to the epidermis, is not associated with cells or granules, and appears unstructured. These data collectively suggest that the red FP is produced and localized ill tissue infected by larval trematodes and plays a role in the immune response in corals.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2009-83527</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fitt, W. K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pantos, O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iglesias-Prieto, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Franklin, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rodrigues, L. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Torregiani, J. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van Woesik, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lesser, M. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gates, R. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hoegh-Guldberg, O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bythell, J. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jatkar, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grottoli, A. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gomez, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fisher, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lajuenesse, T. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Response of two species of Indo-Pacific corals, Porites cylindrica and Stylophora pistillata, to short-term thermal stress: The host does matter in determining the tolerance of corals to bleaching</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;Go to ISI&gt;://000266897400004</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">373</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">102-110</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0022-0981</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The role of both host and dinoflagellate symbionts was investigated in the response of reef-building corals to thermal stress in the light. Replicate coral nubbins of Stylophora pistillata and Porites cylindrica from the GBR were exposed to either 28 degrees C (control) or 32 degrees C for 5 days before being returned to an ambient reef temperature (28 degrees C). S. pistillata was found to contain either Symbiodinium genotype C1 or C8a, while P cylindrica had type C15 based on ITS genotyping. Analysis of the quantum yield of photosystem (PS) II fluorescence of the symbionts in P. cylindrica showed that light-induced excitation pressure on the C15 Symbiodinium was significantly less, and the steady state quantum yield of PSII fluorescence at noon (Delta F/Fm') greater, than that measured in C1/C8a Symbiodinium sp. from S. pistillata. Immunoblots of the PS II D1 protein were significantly lower in Symbiodinium from S. pistillata compared to those in P. cylindrica after exposure to thermal stress. The biochemical markers, heat-stress protein (HSP) 70 and superoxide dismutase (SOD), were significantly greater in P. cylindrica before the experiments and both species of coral increased their biosynthesis of HSP 70 and SOD when exposed to thermal stress. Concentrations of MAAs, glycerol, and lipids were not significantly affected by thermal stress in these experiments, but DNA damage was greater in heat-stressed S. pistillata compared to R cylindrica. There was minimal coral mucus, which accounts for up to half of the total energy budget of a coral and provides the first layer of defense for invading microbes, produced by S. pistillata after heat stress compared to P. cylindrica. It is concluded that P. cylindrica contains a heat resistant C15 Symbiodinium and critical host proteins are present at higher concentrations than observed for S. pistillata, the combination of which provides greater protection from bleaching conditions of high temperature in the light. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2009-83516</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stat, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pochon, X.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cowie, R. O. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gates, R. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Specificity in communities of Symbiodinium in corals from Johnston Atoll</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;Go to ISI&gt;://000268552500007</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">386</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83-96</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0171-8630</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The diversity of endosymbiotic dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium) in corals at Johnston Atoll in the central Pacific Ocean was assessed using both the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region of the nuclear rDNA and chloroplast 23S rDNA. More sequences were recovered from corals using the ITS2 primers than with the chloroplast 23S primers, a finding that reflects both the higher taxonomic resolution and level of intragenomic variation in ITS2 in eukaryotes as compared to chloroplast 23S. Parsimony network analysis, Bray-Curtis coefficient of similarity and 1-way analysis of similarity resolved coral species- and/or genus-specific lineages and/or groupings of Symbiodinium that were generally congruent between the 2 genetic markers. Comparison of coral-Symbiodinium assemblages at Johnston Atoll with those in corals sampled on other reefs in the Pacific reveals differences that include novel host-symbiont unions and a Symbiodinium lineage previously reported to be Caribbean-specific in Acropora from Johnston Atoll.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2009-83532</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Edmunds, P.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gates, R. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acclimatization in tropical reef corals</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;Go to ISI&gt;://000257413800028</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">361</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">307-310</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0171-8630</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global climate change (GCC) is the most widespread environmental peril facing tropical coral reefs, yet the capacity of scleractinian corals to survive the challenge is not well understood. Acclimatization is a primary mechanism by which organisms match their physiology in a timely and beneficial. way to a rapidly changing environment, and so it is not surprising that the question 'can corals acclimatize to GCC effects?' is a central theme in coral reef science today. Here, we argue that acclimatization in corals, as in all organisms, is axiomatic-i.e. evident without proof or argument- and that the emphasis on whether corals can acclimatize to GCC is distracting. The key to understanding how corals will respond to future environmental challenges lies in understanding the extent to which acclimatization is important. This is a subject that has received great attention in other systems, and we think that coral biologists can benefit from a deeper understanding of the classical physiological expression of acclimatization, and a broader appreciation of the experimental designs that are required for elucidating the complex relationships among physiology, physical conditions, and recent history.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2008-83492</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Manning, M. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gates, R. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diversity in populations of free-living Symbiodinium from a Caribbean and Pacific reef</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;Go to ISI&gt;://000259356000013</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1853-1861</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0024-3590</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The presence and diversity of free-living dinoflagellates belonging to the endosymbiotic genus Symbiodinium were explored in seawater samples collected above coral reefs in Kane'ohe Bay, O'ahu, Hawai'i, and Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Two genetic markers were used to assess Symbiodinium diversity in the water column: the internal transcribed spacer 2 region of the nuclear ribosomal array (ITS2), and a hypervariable region in domain V of the large subunit (23S) of the chloroplast ribosomal array (cp23S-HVR). Sequencing of cloned gene fragments reveals that clades B, C, D, and H Symbiodinium are detectable in the seawater samples. In addition to the previously described types B1, C3, C15, C21, and D1, novel Symbiodinium sequences belonging to clades B and C were also retrieved. The majority of Symbiodinium sequences recovered from Kane'ohe Bay belonged to clade C and those from Puerto Morelos to clade B, a pattern that reflects the dominant types of Symbiodinium found in endosymbiosis with scleractinian corals in these two areas. This study represents the first direct assessment of Symbiodinium diversity in waters adjacent to coral reefs located in the Caribbean and the Pacific and confirms the presence of Symbiodinium in this compartment of the ecosystem. These data provide context for future studies examining spatial and temporal patterns in the availability of Symbiodinium in the water column, work that will ultimately promote a greater understanding of the interactions between symbiotic dinoflagellates and their environmentally sensitive benthic hosts.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2008-83499</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stat, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morris, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gates, R. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Functional diversity in coral-dinoflagellate symbiosis</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;Go to ISI&gt;://000257645400024</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">105</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9256-9261</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0027-8424</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Symbioses are widespread in nature and occur along a continuum from parasitism to mutualism. Coral-dinoflagellate symbioses are defined as mutualistic because both partners receive benefit from the association via the exchange of nutrients. This successful interaction underpins the growth and formation of coral reefs. The symbiotic dinoflagellate genus Symbiodinium is genetically diverse containing eight divergent lineages (clades A-H). Corals predominantly associate with clade C Symbiodinium and to a lesser extent with clades A, B, D, F, and G. Variation in the function and interactive physiology of different coral-dinoflagellate assemblages is virtually unexplored but is an important consideration when developing the contextual framework of factors that contribute to coral reef resilience. In this study, we present evidence that clade A Symbiodinium are functionally less beneficial to corals than the dominant clade C Symbiodinium and may represent parasitic rather than mutualistic symbionts. Our hypothesis is supported by (i) a significant correlation between the presence of Symbiodinium clade A and health-compromised coral; (it) a phylogeny and genetic diversity within Symbiodinium that suggests a different evolutionary trajectory for clade A compared with the other dominant Symbiodinium lineages; and (iii) a significantly lower amount of carbon fixed and released by clade A in the presence of a coral synthetic host factor as compared with the dominant coral symbiont lineage, clade C. Collectively, these data suggest that along the symbiotic continuum the interaction between clade A Symbiodinium and corals may be closer to parasitism than mutualism.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2008-83509</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stat, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gates, R. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vectored introductions of marine endosymbiotic dinoflagellates into Hawaii</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;Go to ISI&gt;://000254086900018</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">579-583</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1387-3547</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Endosymbiotic dinoflagellates belonging to the genus Symbiodinium associate with a diverse range of marine invertebrate hosts and also exist free-living in the ocean. The genus is divided into eight lineages (clades A-H), which contain multiple subclade types that show geographic and host specificity. It is commonly known that free-living dinoflagellates can and have been introduced to new geographic locations, primarily through shipping ballast water. In this study we sequenced the ITS2 region of Symbiodinium found in symbiosis with the coral Acropora cytherea in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine National Monument and from shipping ballast water. Identification of an unusual symbiont in Acropora cytherea and an analysis of the distribution of this symbiont suggests an introduction to Hawaii vectored by the scyphozoan host, Cassiopea sp. Symbiodinium were also detected in shipping ballast water. This work confirms that marine invertebrate endosymbionts can be introduced to new geographic locations vectored by animal hosts or the ballast water of ships.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2008-83508</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lesser, M. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bythell, J. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gates, R. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnstone, R. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hoegh-Guldberg, O.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Are infectious diseases really killing corals? Alternative interpretations of the experimental and ecological data</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;Go to ISI&gt;://000247155600005</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">346</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36-44</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0022-0981</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Emerging infectious diseases are a worldwide problem and are believed to play a major role in coral reef degradation. The study of coral diseases is difficult but the use of culture-independent molecular techniques has been, and will continue to be, useful in a system where a limited number of visible signs are commonly used to define a &quot;coral disease&quot;. We propose that coral &quot;diseases&quot;, with rare exception, are opportunistic infections secondary to exposure to physiological stress (e.g. elevated temperature) that result in reduced host resistance and unchecked growth of bacteria normally benign and non-pathogenic. These bacteria are from the environment, the host, or the coral mucus layer and become opportunistic pathogens. While difficult and time consuming, we do not advocate abandoning the study of disease-causing pathogens in corals. However, these studies should include comprehensive efforts to better understand the relationship between coral diseases and environmental changes, largely anthropogenic in nature, occurring on coral reefs around the world. These environmental insults are the cause of the physiological stress that subsequently leads to coral mortality and morbidity by many mechanisms including overwhelming infections by opportunistic pathogens. (c) 2007 Published by Elsevier B.V.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2007-83478</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hoegh-Guldberg, O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muller-Parker, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cook, C. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gates, R. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gladfelter, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trench, R. K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weis, V. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Len Muscatine (1932-2007) and his contributions to the understanding of algal-invertebrate endosymbiosis</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;Go to ISI&gt;://000251579300001</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">731-739</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0722-4028</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The late Leonard (Len) Muscatine (1932-2007) played a key role in the development of the understanding of algal-invertebrate symbioses. For over 40 years (1958-2005), Professor Muscatine was an inspirational mentor and leader in this field, guiding both the ideas and lives of generations of scientists, many of whom are still active in this research area. His scientific contributions were instrumental in crafting the understanding of a fundamentally important part of our world; that of endosymbiosis, where two or more independent organisms live together in a cellular harmony that belies a complex set of molecular and evolutionary interactions. Muscatine's research career was defined by investigations aimed at unraveling these interactions, particularly the specificity, metabolism, regulation, and disintegration of algal-invertebrate symbiosis. His gentle interrogation of his students and colleagues as to &quot;What is the question?&quot; led more than often to the focused research that yielded the insightful answers that still resonate today as the most current in the field.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2007-83474</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mayfield, A. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gates, R. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Osmoregulation in anthozoan-dinoflagellate symbiosis</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;Go to ISI&gt;://000245995700001</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">147</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-10</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1095-6433</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Endosymbiosis creates a unique osmotic circumstance. Hosts are not only responsible for balancing their internal osmolarity with respect to the external environment, but they must also maintain a compatible osmotic environment for their endosymbionts, which may themselves contribute to the net osmolarity of the host cell through molecular fluxes and/or exchange. Cnidarian hosts that harbor intracellular dinoflagellates (zooxanthellae) are excellent examples of such a symbiosis. These associations are characterized by the exchange of osmotically active compounds, but they are temporally stable under normal environmental conditions indicating that these osmotically driven exchanges are effectively and rapidly regulated. Although we have some knowledge about how asymbiotic anthozoans and algae osmoregulate, our understanding of the physiological mechanisms involved in regulating an intact anthozoan-dinoflagellate symbiosis is poor. Large-scale expulsion of endosymbiotic zooxanthellae, or bleaching, is currently considered to be one of the greatest threats to coral reefs worldwide. To date, there has been little consideration of the osmotic scenarios that occur when these symbioses are exposed to the conditions that normally elicit bleaching, such as increased seawater temperatures and UV radiation. Here we review what is known about osmoregulation and osmotic stress in anthozoans and dinoflagellates and discuss the osmotic implications of exposure to environmental stress in these globally distributed and ecologically important symbioses. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2007-83480</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apprill, A. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gates, R. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recognizing diversity in coral symbiotic dinoflagellate communities</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;Go to ISI&gt;://000244602500002</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1127-1134</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0962-1083</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A detailed understanding of how diversity in endosymbiotic dinoflagellate communities maps onto the physiological range of coral hosts is critical to predicting how coral reef ecosystems will respond to climate change. Species-level taxonomy of the dinoflagellate genus Symbiodinium has been predominantly examined using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear ribosomal array (rDNA ITS2) and downstream screening for dominant types using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Here, ITS2 diversity in the communities of Symbiodinium harboured by two Hawaiian coral species was explored using direct sequencing of clone libraries. We resolved sixfold to eightfold greater diversity per coral species than previously reported, the majority of which corresponds to a novel and distinct phylogenetic lineage. We evaluated how these sequences migrate in DGGE and demonstrate that this method does not effectively resolve this diversity. We conclude that the Porites spp. examined here harbour diverse assemblages of novel Symbiodinium types and that cloning and sequencing is an effective methodological approach for resolving the complexity of endosymbiotic dinoflagellate communities harboured by reef corals.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2007-83467</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apprill, A. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bidigare, R. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gates, R. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visibly healthy corals exhibit variable pigment concentrations and symbiont phenotypes</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;Go to ISI&gt;://000247307100022</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">387-397</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0722-4028</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Understanding the natural variability of photosynthetic pigment ranges and distributions in healthy corals is central to evaluating how useful these measurements are for assessing the health and bleaching status of endosymbiotic reef-building corals. This study examined the photosynthetic pigment variability in visibly healthy Porites lobata and Porites lutea corals from Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii and explored whether pigment variability was related to the genetic identity or phenotypic characteristics of the symbionts. Concentrations of the photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll a, peridinin, chlorophyll c(2) , diadinoxanthin, diatoxanthin, beta,beta-carotene and dinoxanthin were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Pigment concentrations were found to range 1.5-10 fold in colonies of each species at similar depths (0-2, 2-4, 10-15 and 19-21 m). Despite the high pigment variability, pigment ratios for each species were relatively conserved over the 0-21 m depth gradient. The genetic identity of the symbiont communities was examined for each colony using 18S nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) restriction fragment length polymorphisms. All colonies contained symbionts belonging to clade C. The density and phenotypic characteristics of the symbionts were explored using flow cytometry, and fluorescence and side scatter (cell size) properties revealed phenotypically distinct symbiont subpopulations in every colony. The symbiont subpopulations displayed pigment trends that may be driven by acclimatization to irradiance microenvironments within the host. These results highlight the biological complexity of healthy coral-symbiont associations and the need for future research on pigments and symbiont subpopulation dynamics.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2007-83466</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Van Oppen, M. J. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gates, R. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conservation genetics and the resilience of reef-building corals</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;Go to ISI&gt;://000241388800001</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3863-3883</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0962-1083</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coral reefs have suffered long-term decline due to a range of anthropogenic disturbances and are now also under threat from climate change. For appropriate management of these vulnerable and valuable ecosystems it is important to understand the factors and processes that determine their resilience and that of the organisms inhabiting them, as well as those that have led to existing patterns of coral reef biodiversity. The scleractinian (stony) corals deposit the structural framework that supports and promotes the maintenance of biological diversity and complexity of coral reefs, and as such, are major components of these ecosystems. The success of reef-building corals is related to their obligate symbiotic association with dinoflagellates of the genus Symbiodinium. These one-celled algal symbionts (zooxanthellae) live in the endodermal tissues of their coral host, provide most of the host's energy budget and promote rapid calcification. Furthermore, zooxanthellae are the main primary producers on coral reefs due to the oligotrophic nature of the surrounding waters. In this review paper, we summarize and critically evaluate studies that have employed genetics and/or molecular biology in examining questions relating to the evolution and ecology of reef-building corals and their algal endosymbionts, and that bear relevance to coral reef conservation. We discuss how these studies can focus future efforts, and examine how these approaches enhance our understanding of the resilience of reef-building corals.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2006-83465</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ridgway, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gates, R. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Why are there so few genetic markers available for coral population analyses?</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;Go to ISI&gt;://000237345200001</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-7</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0334-5114</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coral reefs are in serious decline, and research in support of reef management objectives is urgently needed. Reef connectivity analyses have been highlighted as one of the major future research avenues necessary for implementing effective management initiatives for coral reefs. Despite the number of new molecular genetic tools and the wealth of information that is now available for population-level processes in many marine disciplines, scleractinian coral population genetic information remains surprisingly limited. Here we examine the technical problems and approaches used, address the reasons contributing to this delay in understanding, and discuss the future of coral population marker development. Considerable resources are needed to target the immediate development of an array of relevant genetic markers coupled with the rapid production of management focused data in order to help conserve our globally threatened coral reef resources.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2006-83458</style></accession-num></record></records></xml>