<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kayal, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lenihan, H. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pau, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Penin, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adjeroud, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Associational refuges among corals mediate impacts of a crown-of-thorns starfish Acanthaster planci outbreak</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coral Reefs</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">827-837</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0722-4028</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interactions among coral populations can moderate the impact of coral predator outbreaks, enhancing community resilience and recovery. This study used predator-exclusion cages and neighbour removals in a field experiment to test how indirect interactions between populations of three coral taxa, Acropora, Pocillopora, and Porites, influenced their survival during an outbreak of the crown-of-thorns starfish, Acanthaster planci, in Moorea, French Polynesia. High densities of corals enhanced survival by generating associational refuges: physical structures that impeded Acanthaster and protected corals, and by simple density-dependent prey dilution that reduced predation rates. Acanthaster showed feeding preferences, resulting in varying intensities of predation on corals, which (1) influenced the type and strength of the associational refuge among corals and (2) resulted in significant loss of the competitive dominants to the benefit of the competitive inferiors. The result was a set of indirect positive interactions (IPIs) that prevented Acanthaster from eradicating Acropora and may have enhanced Porites, a relatively weak competitor among corals. IPIs probably play a key role in many ecosystems, especially in coral reefs in which corals act as engineer species, to reduce impacts of perturbations and enhance community resilience. This study illustrates the importance of IPIs in community regulation with a new conceptual model.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2011-86104</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lenihan, H. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holbrook, S.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schmitt, R.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brooks, A. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Influence of corallivory, competition, and habitat structure on coral community shifts.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">92</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1959-1971</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The species composition of coral communities has shifted in many areas worldwide through the relative loss of important ecosystem engineers such as highly branched corals, which are integral in maintaining reef biodiversity. We assessed the degree to which the performance of recently recruited branching corals was influenced by corallivory, competition, sedimentation, and the interactions between these factors. We also explored whether the species-specific influence of these biotic and abiotic constraints helps to explain recent shifts in the coral community in lagoons of Moorea, French Polynesia. Population surveys revealed evidence of a community shift away from a historically acroporid-dominated community to a pocilloporid- and poritid-dominated community, but also showed that the distribution and abundance of coral taxa varied predictably with location in the lagoon. At the microhabitat scale, branching corals grew mainly on dead or partially dead massive Porites (bommies), promontories with enhanced current velocities and reduced sedimentation. A demographic study revealed that growth and survival of juvenile Pocillopora verrucosa and Acropora retusa, the two most common branching species of each taxon, were affected by predation and competition with vermetid gastropods. By 24 months of age, 20-60% of juvenile corals suffered partial predation by corallivorous fishes, and injured corals experienced reduced growth and survival. A field experiment confirmed that partial predation by corallivorous fishes is an important, but habitat-modulated, constraint for branching corals. Competition with vermetid gastropods reduced growth of both branching species but unexpectedly also provided an associational defense against corallivory. Overall, the impact of abiotic constraints was habitat-specific and similar for Acropora and Pocillopora, but biotic interactions, especially corallivory, had a greater negative effect on Acropora than Pocillopora, which may explain the local shift in coral community composition.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2011-86106</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yau, A. J.</style></author></authors><tertiary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lenihan, H. S.</style></author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Size-Based Approaches to Modeling and Managing Local Populations: A Case Study Using an Artisanal Fishery for Giant Clams, Tridacna maxima.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Donald Bren School of Environmental Science and Management</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">University of California</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Santa Barbara</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">138</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The size of an organism is one of its most immediately obvious characteristics, and many key physiological, ecological, and evolutionary processes scale with size.  Size is also relevant in the context of size-selective harvest which is common for many organisms. Using size-based approaches I report new insights into the photophysiology and demography of giant clams, to inform management of size selective harvest. First, I found that the photosynthetic performance (photosynthetic efficiency and relative electron transport rates) of symbiotic Symbiodinium in mixotrophic giant clams (Tridacna maxima) varied as a quadratic function of clam size. Second, I modeled a size-selective, artisanal fishery for T. maxima at a spatial scale (the island of Moorea, French Polynesia) where the amount of self-recruitment is unknown. I collected demographic data from 12 sites on Moorea annually from 2006-2010 to construct a size-based integral projection model (IPM) with a mix of self-recruitment and external recruitment. The IPM results indicated that in the worst case scenario, the population of giant clams on Moorea will exhibit a 7% decline in abundance under the present-day fishing mortality rate if it has 0% self-recruitment, but will increase exponentially if it has 100% self-recruitment. Fishing mortality decreased the projected population abundance. Finally, I evaluated the use of minimum size limits to optimize annual harvest across all possible amounts of self recruitment in a local population of giant clams. I used the IPM to project harvest for combinations of minimum size limit and self-recruitment ranging from 0-100% of total recruitment. A single near-optimal size limit of 135 mm resulted in maximum or near-maximum harvest across the range of self-recruitment. A single near optimum size limit can be applied for organisms with a variety of different life history characteristics unless a local population exhibits exponential decline. Overall, I found that the local population of giant clams on Moorea likely can support the present-day fishing mortality rate, and that size limits can optimize or nearly optimize harvest of local populations. My work indicates that populations can be modeled and managed at the local population scale in the face of uncertainty regarding the amount of self-recruitment.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2011-86923</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lenihan, H. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Edmunds, P.J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Response of Pocillopora verrucosa to corallivory varies with environmental conditions</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">409</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51-63</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We wounded Pocillopora verrucosa to simulate injury caused by fish corallivores, and then evaluated impacts of this damage on coral performance under different temperatures (26.6 and 29.6 degrees C) and flow speeds (6 and 21 cm s(-1)) in microcosms. Colony growth (weight), photosynthetic efficiency (maximum dark-adapted quantum yield of PSII, F-v/F-m [where PSII is Photosystem II, F-v variable fluorescence and F-m maximum fluorescence yield in the dark]), and the healing of lesions were measured during 2 replicate 10 d trials. Injury caused growth to increase in 3 of 4 treatments: high flow, high temperature; low flow, high temperature; and low flow, low temperature. However, growth was greatest for uninjured corals in the high-flow, low temperature treatment, which appears to provide optimal conditions for P. verrucosa (when not injured). Temperature alone had little effect on growth but influenced F-v/F-m, as did flow; F-v/F-m was 5% greater at 26.6 degrees C than 29.6 degrees C, and 3% higher at 21 cm s(-1) than 6 cm s(-1). Injury had little effect on F-v/F-m, and neither temperature nor flow affected the rate of healing that occurred at 17 to 25% of the lesion area in 10 d. Results from a field experiment, in which growth of P. verrucosa was tested as a function of flow speed (similar to 14 cm s(-1) versus similar to 3 cm s(-1)) and fish predation (predators versus no predators), but not temperature, supported results of the microcosm experiment. Growth was greatest for corals in the high-flow, no predator treatment, and relatively high for injured corals in low flow. Together, these results suggest that P. verrucosa, a common branching coral, prioritizes overall growth over repair when injured by fish feeding, which differs from the outcome observed in a companion study in which juvenile colonies of massive Porites were subjected to similar injuries.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2010-83548</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lenihan, H. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adjeroud, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kotchen, M. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hench, J.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nakamura, T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reef structure regulates small-scale spatial variation in coral bleaching</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;Go to ISI&gt;://000261229600011</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">370</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">127-141</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0171-8630</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coral bleaching is often characterized by high spatial variation across reef systems. Using a field survey and manipulative experiment, we tested whether the physical structure of coral reefs modifies environmental conditions that, in turn, influence spatial variation in bleaching in 3 scleractinian corals, Pocillopora verrucosa, Acropora elseyi, and Porites rus. Corals inhabit mainly the hard-bottom seafloor, or dead or partially dead coral heads ('bommies'). Bommies (0.10 to 3.0 m tall) position corals at different water depths and expose them to differences in light, temperature, hydrodynamics, and sedimentation, factors that can influence patterns of bleaching. We conducted our Study in association with a 14 d warming event that caused bleaching in lagoons of Moorea, French Polynesia. Bleaching in naturally occurring colonies of Pocillopora spp. and Acopora spp. was greater on the seafloor (0 m tall) than on short (0.35 to 0.40 m tall) and tall bommies (1.0 to 1.2 m tall). Bleaching in P. verrucosa and A. elseyi transplanted to reef structures in the experiment generally decreased with increasing reef height (seafloor &gt; short bommies &gt; tall bommies). P. rus did not bleach under any conditions observed. Regression analyses revealed that reef structure controlled current speed and sedimentation at the microhabitat scale (from centimeters to meters), and that these factors regulated bleaching and mortality in P. verrucosa and A. elseyi. Our results imply that the physical structure of shallow water reef habitat influences the performance of coral colonies by modifying environmental stress, and that accounting for this structure is important in managing coral reef systems.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2008-83497</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Penin, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adjeroud, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schrimm, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lenihan, H. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">High spatial variability in coral bleaching around Moorea (French Polynesia): patterns across locations and water depths</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;Go to ISI&gt;://000244924400009</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">330</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">171-181</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1631-0691</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mass coral bleaching events are one of the main threats to coral reefs. A severe bleaching event impacted Moorea, French Polynesia, between March and July 2002, causing 55 +/- 14% of colonies to suffer bleaching around the island. However, bleaching varied significantly across coral genera, locations, and as a function of water depth, with a bleaching level as high as 72% at some stations. Corals in deeper water bleached at a higher rate than those in shallow water, and the north coast was more impacted than the west coast. The relatively small scale of variability in bleaching responses probably resulted from the interaction between extrinsic factors, including hydrodynamic condition, and intrinsic factors, such as differential adaptation of the coral/algal association.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2007-83484</style></accession-num></record></records></xml>