<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tew, Howard C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Price, Lane C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swift, L.W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Riedel, Mark S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The layman</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mt</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CWT</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://cwt33.ecology.uga.edu/publications/2295.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This edition of the layman</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2005-80296</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wolman, M. Gordon</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Emmett, William W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Verry, Elon S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marion, Daniel A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swift, L.W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kappesser, Gary B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Identifying Bankfull Stage in Forest Streams in the Eastern United States. [Videocassette].</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CWT</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This program focuses on one important stage in the flow pattern of a river or stream: the bankfull stage. This video demonstrates how to consistently identify bankfull stage for a variety of stream types located in five physiographic provinces of the eastern United States. The program focuses primarily on streams located in forested areas and provides a systematic, reproducible procedure for determining and verifying that bankfull stage has been properly identified.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2003-80359</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coleman, David C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hunter Mark D.,</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hutton, John</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pomeroy, Steven</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swift, L.W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil respiration from four aggrading forested watersheds measured over a quarter century.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Ecology and Management</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CWT</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://cwt33.ecology.uga.edu/publications/1491.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">157</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">247-253.</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil respiration was measured in four aggrading, forested second-growth watersheds in the southern Appalachians using an identical method (alkali absorption) at intervals 23 and 24 years apart. Seasonal trends were similar, with mid-summer maxima and winter minima. Amounts of carbon dioxide evolved were higher in the recent measurements (1995) compared to the earlier ones (1971-1972), despite similar soil water and temperature regimes. The overall trend across all four watersheds may reflect changes in organic matter levels and subsequent root growth.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2002-80397</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bolstad, Paul V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swift, L.W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collins, Fred</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">R?gni?re, Jacques.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Measured and predicted air temperatures at basin to regional scales in the southern Appalachian mountains.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agricultural and Forest Meteorology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CWT</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://cwt33.ecology.uga.edu/publications/159.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">91</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">161-176.</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Landscape and temporal patterns of temperature were observed for local and regional networks in the southern Appalachian Mountains of North America.  Temperatures decreased with altitude at mean rates of 7</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.1998-80557</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yeakley, J.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swank, W.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swift, L.W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hornberger, G. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shugart, H.H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil moisture gradients and controls on a southern Appalachian hillslope from drought through recharge.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 2: 41-49</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CWT</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://cwt33.ecology.uga.edu/publications/154.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil moisture gradients along hillslopes in humid watersheds, although indicated by vegetation gradients and by studies using models, have been difficult to confirm empirically.  While soil properties and topographic features are the two general physiographic factors controlling soil moisture on hillslopes, studies have shown conflicting results regarding which factor is more important. The relative importance of topographic and soil property controls was examined in an upland forested watershed at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory in the southern Appalachian mountains.  Soil moisture was measured along a hillslope transect with a mesic-to-xeric forest vegetation gradient over a period spanning precipitation extremes. The hillslope transect was instrumented with a time domain reflectometry (TDR) network at two depths.  Soil moisture was measured during a severe autumn drought and subsequent winter precipitation recharge.  In the upper soil depth (0-30 cm), moisture gradients persisted throughout the measurement period, and topography exerted dominant control.  For the entire root zone (0-90 cm), soil moisture gradients were found only during drought.  Control on soil moisture was due to both topography and storage before drought.  During and after recharge, variation in soil texture and horizon distribution exerted dominant control  on soil moisture content in the root zone (0-90 cm).  These results indicate that topographic factors assert more control over hillslope soil moisture during drier periods as drainage progresses, while variation in soil water storage properties are more important during wetter periods.  Hillslope soil moisture gradients in southern Appalachian watersheds appear to be restricted to upper soil layers, with deeper hillslope soil moisture gradients occurring only with sufficient drought.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.1998-80562</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swift, L.W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Where is bankfull in small southern Appalachian stream channels?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Riparian Ecosystmes in the Humid U</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CWT</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://cwt33.ecology.uga.edu/publications/2196.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S.</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The identification of bankfull width and bankfull depth is an important first step in some stream classification systems (e.g., Rosgen's). However, past application of traditional criteria to define bankfull for Appalachian streams has yielded questionable results. Ten gaged streams in the Nantahala Mountains of Western North Carolina were surveyed to identify apparent bankfull depth near each gaging site. Estimated bankfuil discharge was calculated for the measured cross-sections and compared with estimates of bankfull discharge derived from annual peak flow distributions based on the record at each weir. On these streams, the maintenance of channel morphology by bankfull flow appears to be a function of both the magnitude of high flow and the duration of that flow. A subset of field criteria for identifying the bankfull depth on the channel wall was found to produce the most consistent results for Appalachian Mountain streams.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.1994-80742</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swift, L.W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site prepartation burning to improve Southern Appalachian pine-hardwood stands:  fire characteristics and soil erosion, moisture, and temperature.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Can</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CWT</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://cwt33.ecology.uga.edu/publications/390.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2242-2254</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Three southern Appalachian stands with sparse and unproductive pine-hardwood overstories and dense Kalmia latifolia L.  understories were treated to restore productivity and diversity.  An adaptation of the fell and burn practice was applied and about one-half of the woody fuels were consumed. A range of fire intensities were observed.  Flame temperatures approached 800_o_ but the heat pulse into the forest floor only reached 60_o_C at 5 cm.  Humus and charred leaf litter remained on most of the surface after burning.  Evidence of soil erosion was spotty and related to points of local soil disturbance.  No soil left the sites.  At the end of the first growing season, 23% of the burned surfaces were covered by growing plants and 62% by residual forest floor and woody debris. Felling and burning reduced evapotranspiration so that soil in the treated areas remained moister than under adjacent uncut stands.  Opening the sites increased soil temperatures 2 to 5_o_C at 10 cm during the first 16 months.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.1993-80760</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swift, L.W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Application of the Z-T extreme event analysis using Coweeta streamflow and precipitation data.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate variability and ecosystem response: proceedings of a long-term ecological research workshop</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CWT</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://cwt33.ecology.uga.edu/publications/391.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">65</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A technique for drought or flood analysis, after Zelenhasic and Todorovic, promises to improve the definition of both duration and magnitude of extreme flow events for river-sized basins. The technique has been applied to a smaller basin at the Coweeta LTER Site using both streamflow data and a longer precipitation record. This report illustrates the technique and describes needed adjustments to apply the method to stream-sized basins.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.1990-80870</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swift, L.W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Refinements in the Z-T method of extreme value analysis for small watersheds</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">No citation</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CWT</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://cwt33.ecology.uga.edu/publications/2197.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zelenhasic and Salvai (1987) described the &quot;Z-T&quot; method for determining recurrence intervals for streamflow droughts in a 8,800,000 ha river basin. That report is an extension of the work by Todorovic and Zelenhasic (1970). In this paper we will show that the Z-T method of drought analysis can be applied to a smaller (760 ha) basin if certain refinements are made. For small-sized catchments, one is more likely to find longer records for precipitation than streamflow. An objective of this study was to characterize a specific drought event in the Southern Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina with the Z-T method using both streamflow and long-term precipitation records.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.1989-80915</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swift, L.W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climatology and hydrology.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pages 35-55 in W</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CWT</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://cwt33.ecology.uga.edu/publications/393.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Streamflow from an undisturbed forested watershed is the net result of the physiography of the catchment and its climate.  In early reports on the research in the southern Appalachian Mountains, Hursh championed studies to describe and develop understanding of climate, precipitation, soils, and topography of these mountains and how they interact with forest vegetation to produce streamflow.The state of knowledge of climate and streamflow in the Coweeta Basin and understanding of interactions with topography and vegetation are subjects of this chapter.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.1988-80971</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swift, L.W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest access roads: design, maintenance, and soil loss.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pages 313-324 in W</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CWT</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://cwt33.ecology.uga.edu/publications/394.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The construction of forest roads and resulting soil loss have been a continuing area of research and demonstration since Coweeta was established. The low-cost, low-maintenance, intermittent-use road pioneered there is accepted by government and industry land managers and strongly recommended by state agencies.  Road sediment is the principal nonpoint source of pollution from forestry activities. Guidelines are given for an inexpensive design and field layout procedure that can produce a serviceable and environmentally acceptable road.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.1988-80970</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swift, L.W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, North Caroina</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Climates of the Long-Term Ecological Research Sites</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CWT</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://cwt33.ecology.uga.edu/publications/2195.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.1987-81013</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swift, L.W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drought impact research at two LTER sites.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Southeastern drought symposium proceedings (South Carolina State Climatology Office Publication G-30) 1987 March 4-5</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CWT</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://cwt33.ecology.uga.edu/publications/395.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The LTER sites at Coweeta and North Inlet were influenced by the Southeast drought of 1984-86 with total rainfall for 8 consecutive months being less than 50 percent of normal.  Between August 1984 and September 1986 only 6 monthly precipitation totals were at or above 52-year averages at Coweeta. Only 7 monthly totals were above the mean at Hobcaw. Low soil moisture levels were reflected in streamflow; record minimums for low flows were set for 6 consecutive months at Coweeta.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.1987-81011</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swift, L.W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Access roads.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pages 16-17 in A</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CWT</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://cwt33.ecology.uga.edu/publications/399.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Standards developed at Coweeta for forest access roads are described in this chapter of a special booklet on erosion control practices prepared for distribution at the Soil Conservation meeting.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.1986-81046</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swift, L.W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Filter strip widths for forest roads in the Southern Appalachians.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 10(1): 27-34</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CWT</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://cwt33.ecology.uga.edu/publications/397.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Filter strip standards currently applied to forest roads in the southern Appalachian Mountains may specify greater widths than are necessary with prevailing construction practices. Measurements of the distance that sediment traveled downslope below newly constructed roads were less than previously reported.  Distances were notably less if natural obstructions existed on the forest floor, brush barriers constructed at the edge of the right-of-way, roadfills grass-covered, and roads outsloped and drained by broad-based dips.  Discussion of management considerations lead to proposed revised guidelines for minimum filter strip widths for the southern mountains .</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.1986-81048</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swift, L.W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Routines for collecting and summarizing hydrometeorological data at Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research Data Management in the Ecological Sciences</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CWT</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://cwt33.ecology.uga.edu/publications/398.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous records of streamflow, precipitation, and other meteorological variables began at Coweeta in 1934. Since then, data collection, processing, and archiving have changed from tedious manual techniques to computerized methods that have significantly increased accuracy and availability of information. Methods developed at Coweeta have been adopted and applied by national and international research groups. This paper reviews the concepts and procedures developed to collect, edit, and summarize hydrometeorological data at Coweeta and is intended as a reference for users of these data.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.1986-81047</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swift, L.W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest road design to minimize erosion in the southeast Appalachians</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings: Forestry and Water Quality: A mid-South Symposium</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CWT</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1985</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://cwt33.ecology.uga.edu/publications/2194.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Excessive erosion and low serviceability of roads are continuing problems associated with forest management in the mountains of the southeastern United States. Road and erosion research at Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory in western North Carolina dates from roadbank stabilization work in the 1930's. Emphasis has been to develop and demonstrate a low-cost, low-maintenance road design. Results cover such features as: drainage and the broad-based dip, cut-bank design and stabilization, roadbed surfacing, brush barriers and filter strips, culvert sizing, and transportation planning. Application of knowledge gained permits roads to be built and maintained at lower cost while providing practical control of sediment input to streams.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.1985-81082</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swift, L.W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meteorological data stations at long-term ecological research sites</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The forest-atmosphere interaction: proceedings of the forest environment measurements conference</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CWT</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1985</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://cwt33.ecology.uga.edu/publications/401.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites have been designated in eleven ecosystems under the auspices of the National Science Foundation. Meteorological observations are part of the needed baseline data. An early accomplishment of this coordinated research program is a standard for LTER meteorological stations. National goals of the LTER program and the research objectives at each site are related in this report to specific needs for meteorological data that defined the concept and structure of the station standards. Each meteorological station must serve two purposes, support ongoing research at the site and provide climatic data for long-term studies and inter-site comparisons. The recommended standard is flexible.  It establishes a core level of participation yet allows for considerable variation in data requirements of different ecosystems.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.1985-81073</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swift, L.W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gravel and grass surfacing reduces soil loss from mountain roads.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Science 30: 657-670</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CWT</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://cwt33.ecology.uga.edu/publications/402.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil loss from forest roads was measured in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Losses from a roadbed without surfacing (bare soil) and later with grass cover were compared with those from roadbeds surfaced with different types and amounts of rock. In the first 2 months after construction in a deep sandy loam saprolite, soil loss rates were eight times greater from bare soil than from roadbeds with 15 to 20 cm of gravel.  Loss rates declined in a 6-month period of light traffic and rose as logging traffic began. At the conclusion of the timber sale, roads were reshaped and ungraveled portions grassed. In the third year, erosion rates on the lightly graveled site approximately equaled those of bare soil, twice that of a grassed roadbed. Differences persisted into the fourth year.  Maintenance of forest roads disturbed stabilized road surfaces and contributed to soil losses.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.1984-81119</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swift, L.W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil losses from roadbed and cut and fill slopes in the southern Appalachian Mountains.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 8: 209-215</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CWT</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://cwt33.ecology.uga.edu/publications/403.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil losses were measured on the cut, fill, and roadbed surfaces of a forest road at Coweeta. Before grass was planted or gravel spread, roadbed surfaces had the least loss per unit area and loss was primarily waterborne fine particles. A large part of the soil loss from fill slopes was due to slippage of wet soils in early spring.  Surface erosion of fills was negligible because storm wate r fromthe roadbed was not spilled across loose soil.  The cut slopes eroded most, principally because soils were loosened by diurnal cycles of freezing and thawing in winter.  This study shows that inclined surfaces of cut and fill slopes are potential sources of large soil loss but these losses can be mitigated by early establishment of grass cover and by design features to control storm water. Soil loss from roadbeds was greatly reduced by gravel surfacing.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.1984-81118</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swift, L.W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Duration of stream temperature increases following forest cutting in the Southern Appalachian mountains.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of the international symposium on hydrometeorology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CWT</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://cwt33.ecology.uga.edu/publications/405.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cutting timber along small streams in the Southern Appalachian Mountains increases water temperature. Clearcutting all vegetation over 2.5 cm d.b.h. from a 59.6-ha south-facing watershed in western North Carolina allowed both the magnitude and duration of water temperature increases to be studied. About 958 m2 of stream were exposed. Daily maximum temperatures at the downstream margin of the cutting were increased an average of 3.3 C the first two summers after cutting. The increases declined in the next three summers to 1.2 C. Daily minimums were increased about 1.3 C both winter and summer, but only in the first year. The daily range of water temperatures (maximum minus minimum) was increased during all five summers. A method for predicting water temperature changes was tested and found to overestimate the summer increases.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.1983-81157</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swift, L.W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Green sponge.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The American Tree Farmer 2(5): 7</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CWT</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://cwt33.ecology.uga.edu/publications/404.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water yield should be a concern to the tree farmer. Choices in managing piedmont lands between pine or hardwood forests affect future streamflow amounts. As an example, average streamflow may be four area inches greater under hardwood management. However, the change in streamflow due to thinning and cutting previously unmanaged piedmont forest is greatest for pine stands.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.1983-81158</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swift, L.W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fitting daily precipitation amounts using the SB distribution.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monthly Weather Review 109: 2535-2541</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CWT</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1981</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://cwt33.ecology.uga.edu/publications/406.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The log-normal, gamma, Weibull, SB and beta distributions were fit to daily precipitation amounts for each calendar month for a 38-year period. Data are from the high precipitation zone of the southern Appalachian Mountains. The SB distribution, a generalization of the log-normal, consistently fit the data best. The gamma distribution fit rainfall amounts accumulated for two and three consecutive wet days. Higher order Markov chains, up through the fifth order, described the data better than lower order chains. The SB distribution of precipitation amounts on all dates preceded by dry days is different from that for all dates preceded by precipitation.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.1981-81209</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swift, L.W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long term responses of streamflow following clearcutting and regrowth.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydrological Sciences Bulletin 26: 245-256</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CWT</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1981</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://cwt33.ecology.uga.edu/publications/407.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-term changes in streamflow following forest cutting for three experimental basins show that streamflow declines with the logarithm of time as the forest regrows. The decline is related to vegetation regrowth, but is not a consistent function of simple stand measurements. The mixed hardwood forest of one basin was clearcut twice in 40 years. During the second regrowth period, streamflow increases were about one-half those after the first treatment. Concurrently, two other basins were cut whose mid-elevations are 400 m higher.  Both streamflow increases were less than on the lower basin.  Similar variability of increases for the three concurrent treatments appears partly related to precipitation.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.1981-81208</style></accession-num></record></records></xml>