<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gedan, Keryn</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kirwan, Matthew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wolanski, Eric</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barbier, Edward</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silliman, Brian R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The present and future role of coastal wetland vegetation in protecting shorelines: answering recent challenges to the paradigm</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climatic Change</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GCE</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-010-0003-7 DO  - 10.1007/s10584-010-0003-7</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Springer Netherlands</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">106</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7-29</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0165-0009</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">For more than a century, coastal wetlands have been recognized for their ability to stabilize shorelines and protect coastal communities. However, this paradigm has recently been called into question by small-scale experimental evidence. Here, we conduct a literature review and a small meta-analysis of wave attenuation data, and we find overwhelming evidence in support of established theory. Our review suggests that mangrove and salt marsh vegetation afford context-dependent protection from erosion, storm surge, and potentially small tsunami waves. In biophysical models, field tests, and natural experiments, the presence of wetlands reduces wave heights, property damage, and human deaths. Meta-analysis of wave attenuation by vegetated and unvegetated wetland sites highlights the critical role of vegetation in attenuating waves. Although we find coastal wetland vegetation to be an effective shoreline buffer, wetlands cannot protect shorelines in all locations or scenarios; indeed large-scale regional erosion, river meandering, and large tsunami waves and storm surges can overwhelm the attenuation effect of vegetation. However, due to a nonlinear relationship between wave attenuation and wetland size, even small wetlands afford substantial protection from waves. Combining man-made structures with wetlands in ways that mimic nature is likely to increase coastal protection. Oyster domes, for example, can be used in combination with natural wetlands to protect shorelines and restore critical fishery habitat. Finally, coastal wetland vegetation modifies shorelines in ways (e.g. peat accretion) that increase shoreline integrity over long timescales and thus provides a lasting coastal adaptation measure that can protect shorelines against accelerated sea level rise and more frequent storm inundation. We conclude that the shoreline protection paradigm still stands, but that gaps remain in our knowledge about the mechanistic and context-dependent aspects of shoreline protection.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2011-87102</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Granek, Elise F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barbier, Edward B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aswani, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ruckelshaus, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Perillo, M. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silliman, Brian R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muthiga, Nyawira</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bael, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wolanski, Eric</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polasky, Stephen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kappel, Carrie V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reed, D.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stoms, D.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Koch, Evamaria W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kennedy, Christopher J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cramer, Abby</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hacker, Sally D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecosystem services as a common language for coastal ecosystem-based management</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conservation Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GCE</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01355.x/abstract</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">207-216</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecosystem-based management is logistically and politically challenging because ecosystems are inherently complex and management decisions affect a multitude of groups. Coastal ecosystems, which lie at the interface between marine and terrestrial ecosystems and provide an array of ecosystem services to different groups, aptly illustrate these challenges. Successful ecosystem-based management of coastal ecosystems requires incorporating scientific information and the knowledge and views of interested parties into the decision-making process. Estimating the provision of ecosystem services under alternative management schemes offers a systematic way to incorporate biogeophysical and socioeconomic information and the views of individuals and groups in the policy and management process. Employing ecosystem services as a common language to improve the process of ecosystem-based management presents both benefits and difficulties. Benefits include a transparent method for assessing trade-offs associated with management alternatives, a common set of facts and common currency on which to base negotiations, and improved communication among groups with competing interests or differing worldviews. Yet challenges to this approach remain, including predicting how human interventions will affect ecosystems, how such changes will affect the provision of ecosystem services, and how changes in service provision will affect the welfare of different groups in society. In a case study from Puget Sound, Washington, we illustrate the potential of applying ecosystem services as a common language for ecosystem-based management.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2010-93274</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Koch, Evamaria W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polasky, Stephen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Halpern, Benjamin S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kennedy, Christopher J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kappel, Carrie V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wolanski, Eric</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barbier, Edward B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silliman, Brian R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reed, Denise J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Perillo, M. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hacker, Sally D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Granek, Elise F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Primavera, Jurgenne H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muthiga, Nyawira</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Non-linearity in ecosystem services: temporal and spatial variability in coastal protection</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GCE</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/080126</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29-37</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Natural processes tend to vary over time and space, as well as between species. The ecosystem services these natural processes provide are therefore also highly variable. It is often assumed that ecosystem services are provided linearly (unvaryingly, at a steady rate), but natural processes are characterized by thresholds and limiting functions. In this paper, we describe the variability observed in wave attenuation provided by marshes, mangroves, seagrasses, and coral reefs and therefore also in coastal protection. We calculate the economic consequences of assuming coastal protection to be linear. We suggest that, in order to refine ecosystem-based management practices, it is essential that natural variability and cumulative effects be considered in the valuation of ecosystem services</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2009-93313</style></accession-num></record></records></xml>