<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brantley, Steven T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Naumann, J. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Young, D. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Application of hyperspectral vegetation indices to detect variations in high leaf area index temperate shrub thicket canopies</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Remote Sensing of Environment.</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">115</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">514-523</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2011-85859</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Young, D. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brantley, Steven T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zinnert, Julie C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vick, Jaclyn K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Landscape position and habitat polygons in a dynamic coastal barrier environment</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecosphere</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/ES10-00186.1</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Article 71</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In contrast to stable inland systems, coastal landscape positions are dynamic, changing as shorelines migrate and storms alter topography. We define landscape position by distance to ocean shoreline and elevation above sea level, two metrics that integrate a suite of environmental and biotic factors. As shoreline and elevation change, suitability of a geo-referenced position for a given plant species may also change. The objectives of our study were to use two methods for measuring landscape position (GPS and hyperspectral/light detection and ranging or LIDAR) to develop habitat polygons, compare habitat polygons for five species representing several adaptive strategies, and illustrate change in landscape position due to migrating shoreline for a Virginia, USA barrier island. Habitat polygons for each species were distinct, represented several growth forms or functional groups, and were indicative of tolerances to biotic and abiotic stresses. The habitat polygon for Cakile edentula (annual forb) was relatively small, indicating narrow habitat requirements for the strand environment. Cirsium horridulum (biennial forb), with succulent shoots and roots, occurred on dunes where water is most limiting. For the dunebuilding grass, Ammophila breviligulata, as distance from shoreline increased, minimum elevation also increased. Two woody species occurred across the entire island; however, Morella cerifera (N-fixing shrub), was limited to mesic swales whereas Juniperus virginiana (evergreen tree), with the largest habitat polygon, occurred on both dunes and swales. For a geo-referenced point on the north end of Hog Island, distance to shoreline increased from the shoreline to 1100 m inland over 139 years. In contrast, the geo-referenced point on the eroding portion of the island decreased from 1700 m to 120 m from the ocean shoreline over the same time period. Where sea level rise and storms are expected to alter shorelines and island topography, generation of habitat polygons from hyperspectral and LIDAR imagery provide rapid assessment of potential effects on species distribution patterns at local and regional scales. Habitat polygons have broad applicability beyond coastal systems and may contribute to a rapid assessment or identification of vulnerability for species as climate patterns shift through time.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2011-86162</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brantley, Steven T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Young, D. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Linking light attenuation, sunflecks and canopy architecture in mesic shrub thickets</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">206</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">225-236</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2010-85861</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brantley, Steven T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Young, D. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shrub expansion stimulates soil C and N storage along a coastal soil chronosequence</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Change Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2052-2061</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2010-85862</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brantley, Steven T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Consequences of shrub encroachment: linking changes in canopy structure to shifts in the resource environment</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biology Dept.</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://atlantic.evsc.virginia.edu/thesis/steven_brantley_2009.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Virginia Commonwealth University</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richmond, VA</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2009-85860</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brantley, Steven T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Young, D. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contribution of sunflecks is minimal in expanding shrub thickets compared to temperate forests</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">90</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1021-1029.</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2009-82595</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brantley, Steven T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Young, D. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shifts in litter production and dominant nitrogen sources after expansion of shrub thickets</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">155</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">337-345</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Woody encroachment into herbaceous ecosystems is emerging as an important ecological response to global change. A primary concern is alterations in C and N cycling and associated variations across a variety of ecosystems. We quantified seasonal variation in litterfall and litter N concentration in Morella cerifera shrub thickets to assess changes in litterfall and associated N input after shrub expansion on an Atlantic coast barrier island. We also used the natural abundance of N-15 to estimate the proportion of litterfall N originating from symbiotic N fixation. Litterfall for shrub thickets ranged from 8,991 +/- 247 to 3,810 +/- 399 kg ha(-1) year(-1) and generally declined with increasing thicket age. Litterfall in three of the four thickets exceeded previous estimates of aboveground annual net primary production in adjacent grasslands by 300-400%. Leaf N concentration was also higher after shrub expansion and, coupled with low N resorption efficiency and high litterfall, resulted in a return of as much as 169 kg N ha(-1) year(-1) to the soil. We estimated that similar to 70% of N returned to the soil was from symbiotic N fixation resulting in an ecosystem input of between 37 and 118 kg ha(-1) year(-1) of atmospheric N depending on site. Considering the extensive cover of shrub thickets on Virginia barrier islands, N fixation by shrubs is likely the largest single source of N to the system. The shift from grassland to shrub thicket on barrier islands results in a substantial increase in litterfall and foliar N concentration that will likely have a major impact on the size and cycling of ecosystem C and N pools. Increasing C and N availability in these nutrient-poor soils is likely to permanently reduce cover of native grasses and alter community structure by favoring species with greater N requirements.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2008-82091</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brantley, Steven T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Young, D. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leaf-area index and light attenuation in rapidly expanding shrub thickets</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">88</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">525-530</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2007-82090</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brantley, Steven T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seasonal and spatial variation in leaf area index, litter production and light levels in Myrica cerifera shrub thickets across a barrier island chronosequence</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VCR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Virginia Commonwealth University</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richmond, VA</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2005-60537</style></accession-num></record></records></xml>