<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ntelekos, A. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith, J. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baeck, M. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krajewski, W. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miller, A. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goska, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Extreme hydrometeorological events and the urban environment: dissecting the 7 July 2004 thunderstorm over the Baltimore MD metropolitan area</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BES</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">44</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Observational analyses and mesoscale modeling studies, using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, are used to dissect the mechanisms associated with record lightning, rainfall, and flooding over the Baltimore metropolitan region on 7 July 2004. Storm evolution on 7 July 2004 exhibited characteristic features of warm season thunderstorms producing flash flooding over the Baltimore–Washington DC metropolitan region. The storm system was initiated along the Blue Ridge mountains, with model simulations suggesting that convergence-induced spin-up of a meso-low was responsible for initial thunderstorm development. Observations and model analyses show that thermal effects associated with Chesapeake Bay had a pronounced impact on storm evolution and rainfall distribution. Analyses of radar reflectivity and lightning observations suggest that the urban environment played a significant role in storm evolution and heavy rainfall distribution. Model analyses show that urban canopy effects from both the Baltimore and Washington DC urban regions play an important role in determining the storm environment associated with heavy rainfall. Urban Heat Island effects did not play a significant role in the storm evolution. Observations of aerosols and drop-size distributions from a vertically pointing LIDAR and a disdrometer and model analyses suggest that the aerosols may have played an important role in stimulating efficient precipitation mechanisms and extreme rainfall rates for the 7 July 2004 storm.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">W08446</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2008-85548</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith, J. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baeck, M. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meierdiercks, K. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miller, A. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krajewski, W. F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radar rainfall estimation for flash flood forecasting in small urban watersheds</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BES</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2087-2097</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radar rainfall estimation for flash flood forecasting in small, urban catchments is examined through analyses of radar, rain gage and discharge observations from the 14.3 km2 Dead Run drainage basin in Baltimore County, Maryland. The flash flood forecasting problem pushes the envelope of rainfall estimation to time and space scales that are commensurate with the scales at which the fundamental governing laws of land surface processes are derived. Analyses of radar rainfall estimates are based on volume scan WSR-88D reflectivity observations for 36 storms during the period 2003–2005. Gage-radar analyses show large spatial variability of storm total rainfall over the 14.3 km2 basin for flash flood producing storms. The ability to capture the detailed spatial variation of rainfall for flash flood producing storms by WSR-88D rainfall estimates varies markedly from event to event. As spatial scale decreases from the 14.3 km2 scale of the Dead Run watershed to 1 km2 (and the characteristic time scale of flash flood producing rainfall decreases from 1 h to 15 min) the predictability of flash flood response from WSR-88D rainfall estimates decreases sharply. Storm to storm variability of multiplicative bias in storm total rainfall estimates is a dominant element of the error structure of radar rainfall estimates, and it varies systematically over the warm season and with flood magnitude. Analyses of the 7 July 2004 and 28 June 2005 storms illustrate microphysical and dynamical controls on radar estimation error for extreme flash flood producing storms.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2007-85469</style></accession-num></record></records></xml>