<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Minick, K. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fisk, M. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calcium and phosphorus interact to reduce mid-growing season net nitrogen mineralization potential in organic horizons in a northern hardwood forest</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HBR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">43</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">271-279</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2011-86642</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Driscoll, C.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blair, J.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lugo, A.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laney, C.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, Debra P.C.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yao, J</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cross-site comparisons of precipitation and surface water chemistry</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-term trends in ecological systems: A basis for understanding responses to global change</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">USDA Agricultural Research Service Publication</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SEV</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">USDA</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Washington, D.C.</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2011-86849</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, Debra P.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ohman, M.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Waide, R.B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yao, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laney, C.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lugo, A.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collins, Scott L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Driscoll, C.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grove, J.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knapp, Alan K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kratz, TK</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yao, J</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-term trends in climate and climate-related drivers</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-term trends in ecological systems: A basis for understanding responses to global change</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">USDA Agricultural Research Service Publication</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SEV</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">USDA</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Washington, D.C.</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2011-86866</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, Debra P.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ohman, M.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Waide, R.B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yao, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laney, C.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lugo, A.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collins, Scott L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Driscoll, C.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grove, J.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knapp, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kratz, TK</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-term trends in ecological systems: A basis for understanding responses to global change</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">USDA Agricultural Research Service Publication</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SEV</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Washington, D.C.</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2011-86867</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, Debra P.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ohman, M.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Waide, R.B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yao, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laney, C.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lugo, A.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collins, Scott L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Driscoll, C.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grove, J.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knapp, Alan K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kratz, TK</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yao, J</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-term trends in ecological systems: An introduction to cross-site comparisons and relevance to global change studies</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-term trends in ecological systems: A basis for understanding responses to global change</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">USDA Agricultural Research Service Publication</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SEV</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">USDA</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Washington, D.C.</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2011-86868</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, Debra P.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ohman, M.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Waide, R.B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yao, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laney, C.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lugo, A.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collins, Scott L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Driscoll, C.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grove, J.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knapp, Alan K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kratz, TK</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yao, J</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-term trends in human demography and economy across sites</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-term trends in ecological systems: A basis for understanding responses to global change</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">USDA Agricultural Research Service Publication</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SEV</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">USDA</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Washington, D.C.</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2011-86869</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, Debra P.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ohman, M.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Waide, R.B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yao, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laney, C.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lugo, A.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collins, Scott L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Driscoll, C.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grove, J.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knapp, Alan K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kratz, TK</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yao, J</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-term trends in precipitation and surface water chemistry</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-term trends in ecological systems: A basis for understanding responses to global change</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">USDA Agricultural Research Service</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SEV</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">USDA</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Washington, D.C.</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2011-86870</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, Debra P.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ohman, M.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Waide, R.B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yao, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laney, C.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lugo, A.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collins, Scott L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Driscoll, C.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grove, J.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knapp, Alan K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kratz, TK</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yao, J</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-term trends in production, abundance, and richness of plants and animals</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-term trends in ecological systems: A basis for understanding responses to global change</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">USDA Agricultural Research Service Publication</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SEV</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">USDA</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Washington, D.C.</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2011-86871</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hardy, J. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fashu-Kanu, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Driscoll, C.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cleavitt, N. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fahey, T. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fisk, M. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Snow depth, soil freezing and nitrogen cycling in a northern hardwood forest landscape</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HBR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">102</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">223-238</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-3</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2011-86645</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fahey, T. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yavitt, J. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sherman, R. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fisk, M. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maerz, J. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transport of Carbon and Nitrogen Between Litter and Soil Organic Matter in a Northern Hardwood Forest</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HBR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">326-340</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2011-86646</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fisk, M. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fahey, T. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon resources, soil organisms, and nitrogen availability: landscape patterns in a northern hardwood forest</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HBR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">260</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1175-1183</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2010-86654</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gift, D. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaushal, S. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mayer, P. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Denitrification potential, root biomass, and organic matter in degraded and restored urban riparian zones</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BES</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6 October 2008</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">113-120</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydrologic changes associated with urbanization often lead to lower water tables and drier, more aerobic soils in riparian zones. These changes reduce the potential for denitrification, an anaerobic microbial process that converts nitrate, a common water pollutant, into nitrogen gas. In addition to oxygen, denitrification is controlled by soil organic matter and nitrate. Geomorphic stream restorations are common in urban areas, but their effects on riparian soil conditions and denitrification have not been evaluated. We measured root biomass, soil organic matter, and denitrification potential (anaerobic slurry assay) at four depths in duplicate degraded, restored, and reference riparian zones in the Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., metropolitan area. There were three main findings in this study. First, although reference sites were wet and had high soil organic matter, they had low levels of nitrate relative to degraded and restored sites and therefore there were few differences in denitrification potential among sites. Evaluations of riparian restorations that have nitrate removal by denitrification as a goal should consider the complex controls of this process and how they vary between sites. Second, all variables declined markedly with depth in the soil. Restorations that increase riparian water tables will thus foster interaction of groundwater nitrate with near-surface soils with higher denitrification potential. Third, we observed strong positive relationships between root biomass and soil organic matter and between soil organic matter and denitrification potential, which suggest that establishment of deep-rooted vegetation may be particularly important for increasing the depth of the active denitrification zone in restored riparian zones.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2010-85686</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whitmer, A.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raciti, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bettez, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ortega, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rustad, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pickett, S.T.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Killelea, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ogden, L.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lawton, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sturner, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schneider, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hart, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Halpern, B. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlesinger, W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The engaged university: providing a platform for research that transforms society</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FCE</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">314-321</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2010-62933</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Claessens, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tague, C. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Melack, J. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Longitudinal and seasonal variation of stream N uptake in an urbanizing watershed: effect of organic matter, stream size, transient storage and debris dams</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BES</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6 October 2009</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">98</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">45-62</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We examined seasonal and spatial linkages between N cycling and organic matter for a suburban stream in Maryland and addressed the question: How do longitudinal NH4+ uptake patterns vary seasonally and what is the effect of organic matter, stream size, transient storage and debris dams? We applied a longitudinal (stream channel corridor) approach in a forested stream section and conducted short-term nutrient addition experiments (adapted to account for the effect of nutrient saturation) covering 14–16 reaches, and compared two distinct seasons (late fall 2003 and late summer 2004). Longitudinal NH4+ uptake rate patterns had a distinct seasonal reversal; fall had the highest uptake rates in the upper reaches, while summer had the highest uptake rates in the lower reaches. This seasonal reversal was attributed to organic matter and evidenced by DON patterns. Transient storage did not have an expected effect on uptake rates in fall because it was confounded by leaf litter; litter produced higher uptakes, but also may have reduced transient storage. In summer however, uptake rates had a positive correlation with transient storage. Debris dams had no distinct effect on uptake in fall because of their recent formation. In summer however, the debris dam effect was significant; although the debris dams were hydraulically inactive then, the upstream reaches had 2–5 fold higher uptake rates. The seasonal and longitudinal differences in NH4+ uptake reflect interactions between flow conditions and the role of organic matter. Urbanization can alter both of these characteristics, hence affect stream N processing.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2010-85685</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Claessens, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tague, C. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Melack, J. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Longitudinal assessment of the effect of concentration on stream N uptake rates in an urbanizing watershed</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BES</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">06 October 2009</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">98</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">63-74</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We examined the effect of concentration on nitrogen uptake patterns for a suburban stream in Maryland and addressed the question: How does NO3- uptake change as a function of concentration and how do uptake patterns compare with those found for NH4+?  We applied a longitudinal (stream channel corridor) approach in a forested stream section and conducted short-term nutrient addition experiments in late summer 2004.  In the downstream direction, NO3- concentrations decreased because of residential development in headwaters and downstream dilution; NH4+ concentrations slightly increased.  The uptake patterns forNO3- were very different from NH4+. While NH4+ had a typical negative relationship between first-order uptake rate constant (Kc) and stream size, NO3- had a reverse pattern.  We found differences for other metrics, including uptake velocity (Vf) and areal uptake rate (U).  We attributed these differences to a stream size effect, a concentration effect and a biological uptake capacity effect. For NO3- these combined effects produced a downstream increase in Kc, Vf and U; for NH4+ they produced a downstream decrease in Kc and Vf, and a not well defined pattern for U.  We attributed a downstream increase in NO3- uptake capacity to an increase in hyporheic exchange and a likely increase in carbon availability.  We also found that Kc and Vf were indirectly related with concentration.  Similar evidence of ‘nutrient saturation’ has been reported in other recent studies.  Our results suggest that higher-order uptake models might be warranted when scaling NO3- uptake across watersheds that are subject to increased nitrogen loading.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2010-85684</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Savva, Y.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Szlavecz, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pouyat, R. V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heisler, G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modeling of land use and vegetation cover effects using a nonlinear mixed effect model of the average daily soil temperature in the Baltimore area, MD, USA</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BES</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15 December 2009</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">74</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Human activity has changed land surfaces by converting native ecosystems to urban and agricultural land uses. This conversion has caused increases in air and soil temperatures that influence soil C and N cycling. Efforts to model changes in soil temperature resulting from urban land use change have not accounted for changes in both plant cover and land use and thus fail to produce accurate predictions at high-resolution spatial and temporal scales. We measured average daily soil temperature at a 10-cm depth at urban and rural forest and grassland sites for 8 yr in the Baltimore, MD, metropolitan area and developed a model of the average daily soil temperature that accounts for two vegetation and two land use types. Average annual soil temperature was higher in urban than rural sites under both turfgrass (15.0°C vs. 13.5°C) and forest (12.6°C vs. 12.2°C). The application of climate-change scenarios predicted by general circulation models to our soil temperature model suggested that the highest increases in mean soil temperatures will occur in August, September, February, and March, and will range from 1.2 to 2.0°C, while air temperature is predicted to change from 3.4 to 5.6°C between 2070 and 2099. The model can be used to predict the average daily soil temperature in the Baltimore area for sites with similar hydrologic and soil conditions, i.e., remote from the shoreline and characterized by loamy soils.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2010-85693</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mayer, P. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Striz, E. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaushal, S. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen dynamics at the ground water-surface water interface of a degraded urban stream</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BES</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">810-823</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Received for publication January 9, 2009. Few studies have quantified the impact of urbanization on the biogeochemistry of streams at the groundwater–surface water interface, a zone that may be critical for managing nitrogen transformations. We investigated the groundwater ecosystem of Minebank Run, a geomorphically degraded urban stream near Baltimore, Maryland in the Chesapeake Bay watershed. Our objectives were to identify the spatial and temporal extent of chemical, microbial, and hydrological factors known to influence denitrification, a microbial process that removes nitrate nitrogen (NO3–).  Measurements of denitrification enzyme activity confirmed that  subsurface sediments at Minebank Run, especially those with high concentrations of organic carbon, have the capacity to denitrify NO3–. Levels of NO3– in groundwater were lower where more dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was available, suggesting that denitrification and removal of NO3– in groundwater were limited by DOC availability. Groundwater NO3–  was highest when groundwater levels were highest, which, in turn, corresponded to high oxidation–reduction potential (ORP), indicative of high groundwater–surface water exchange. Stream flow patterns controlled stream bank and bed infiltration and, subsequently, dictated groundwater levels. Declines in water levels likely increased subsurface mixing, which led to low ORP conditions that sustained NO3– removal via denitrification. The groundwater–surface water interface is a zone of active nitrogen transformation. Management efforts that increase DOC availability to denitrifiers, reduce stream-flow velocity and flashiness, and increase groundwater residence time will likely improve the nitrogen removal capacity of urban stream channels.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2010-85689</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Christenson, L. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mitchell, M.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lovett, G. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Winter climate change implications for decomposition in Northeastern forests: Comparisons of sugar maple litter to herbivore fecal inputs</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HBR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02115.x</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2010-86657</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hardy, J. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fisk, M. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fahey, T. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Driscoll, C.T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate variation and soil carbon and nitrogen cycling processes in a northern hardwood forest</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HBR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">927-943</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2009-86682</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Campbell, J. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magill, A. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mitchell, M.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ollinger, S. V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rustad, L. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boyer, E.W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Christopher, S. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Driscoll, C.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernandez, I. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Houle, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kiekbusch, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Consequences of climate change for biogeochemical cycling in forets of northeastern North America</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HBR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">264-284</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2009-86687</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Claessens, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tague, C. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Band, L. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kenworthy, S. T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydro-ecological linkages in urbanizing watersheds: an empirical assessment of in-stream nitrate loss and evidence of saturation kinetics</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BES</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">114</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We examined the effect of discharge on in-stream NO3? loss for a suburban stream in Maryland and addressed two questions: (1) How important is in-stream nitrogen removal in this biogeoclimatic setting? (2) Is there evidence of saturation kinetics? We conducted the study in a 2.4 km forested stream section, over a period of drought and wet conditions (2001–2004). We calculated NO3? loss from monthly and seasonal mass balances and constructed NO3? loss duration curves. NO3? loss was fairly constant across flow regimes, averaging 0.8 g N ha?1 d?1 per unit watershed area. Proportional NO3? loss (relative to transport) reached 96% at low flows and converged to 0% at high flows. Duration curve analysis showed that proportional NO3? loss was generally low, averaging 6% loss, and only 5% of the time exceeded 22% loss. We extrapolated NO3? removal to the 3.8 km2 watershed. In-stream NO3? removal corresponded to only 2% of watershed nitrogen inputs and 3% of total losses. Our results suggest that for urbanizing watersheds subject to high nitrogen inputs, in-stream processing has only a limited potential for reducing watershed nitrogen export. We examined whether NO3? loss patterns showed evidence of saturation kinetics. Estimates of water travel time were used to calculate first-order NO3? loss metrics. NO3? loss first-order rate constant (Kc) was negatively related with NO3? concentration. This evidence of saturation kinetics suggests that the common use of first-order process models is not valid in streams subject to high nitrogen inputs, requiring the need for higher-order process models.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">G04016</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2009-85616</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pouyat, R. V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carreiro, M. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pavao-Zuckerman, M. A.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breuste, J.</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Investigative approaches to urban biogeochemical cycles: New York metropolitan area and Baltimore as case studies</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparative ecology of cities and towns.</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BES</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cambridge University Press</style></publisher><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">329-351</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">978-0-521-67833-9</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2009-85660</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pouyat, R. V.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Methane uptake in urban forests and lawns</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BES</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8 June 2009</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">43</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5229-5235</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The largest natural biological sink for the radiatively active trace gas methane (CH4) is bacteria in soils that consume CH4 as an energy and carbon source. This sink has been shown to be sensitive to nitrogen (N) inputs and alterations of soil physical conditions. Given this sensitivity, conversion of native ecosystems to urban, suburban, and exurban managed lawns thus has potential to affect regional CH4 budgets. We measured CH4 fluxes monthly from four urban forest, four rural forest and four urban lawn plots in the Baltimore, MD, metropolitan area from 2001 to 2005. Our objectives were to evaluate the effects of urban atmospheric and land use change on CH4 uptake and the importance of these changes relative to other greenhouse forcings in the urban landscape. Rural forests had a high capacity for CH4 uptake (1.68 mg m?2 day?1). This capacity was reduced in urban forests (0.23 mg m?2 day?1) and almost completely eliminated in lawns. Possible mechanisms for these reductions include increases in atmospheric N deposition and CO2 levels, fertilization of lawns, and alteration of soil physical conditions that influence diffusion. Although conversion of native forests to lawns had dramatic effects on CH4 uptake, these effects do not appear to be significant to statewide greenhouse gas forcing.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2009-85626</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Williams, C. O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pouyat, R. V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Band, L. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yesilonis, I. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrate leaching and nitrous oxide flux in urban forests and grasslands</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BES</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23 July 2009</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1848-1860</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Urban landscapes contain a mix of land-use types with different patterns of nitrogen (N) cycling and export. We measured nitrate (NO3–) leaching and soil:atmosphere nitrous oxide (N2O) flux in four urban grassland and eight forested long-term study plots in the Baltimore, Maryland metropolitan area. We evaluated ancillary controls on these fluxes by measuring soil temperature, moisture, and soil:atmosphere fluxes of carbon dioxide on these plots and by sampling a larger group of forest, grass, and agricultural sites once to evaluate soil organic matter, microbial biomass, and potential net N mineralization and nitrification. Annual NO3– leaching ranged from 0.05 to 4.1 g N m–2 yr–1 and was higher in grass than forest plots, except in a very dry year and when a disturbed forest plot was included in the analysis. Nitrous oxide fluxes ranged from 0.05 to &gt;0.3 g N m–2 yr–1, with few differences between grass and forest plots and markedly higher fluxes in wet years. Differences in NO3– leaching and N2O flux between forests and grasslands were not as high as expected given the higher frequency of disturbance and fertilization in the grasslands. Carbon dioxide flux, organic matter, and microbial biomass were as high or higher in urban grasslands than in forests, suggesting that active carbon cycling creates sinks for N in vegetation and soil in these ecosystems. Although urban grasslands export more N to the environment than native forests, they have considerable capacity for N retention that should be considered in evaluations of land-use change.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2009-85627</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Klocker, C. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaushal, S. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mayer, P. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morgan, R. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen uptake and denitrification in restored and unrestored streams in urban Maryland, USA</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BES</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21 October 2009</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">411-424</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">There is growing interest in rates of nitrate uptake and denitrification in restored streams to better understand the effects of restoration on nitrogen processing.  This study quantified nitrate uptake in two restored and two unrestored streams in Baltimore, Maryland, USA using nitrate additions, denitrification enzyme assays, and a 15N isotope tracer addition in one of the urban restored streams, Minebank Run.  Restoration included either incorporation of stormwater ponds below a storm drain and catch basins to attenuate flow or hydrologic ‘‘reconnection’’ of a stream channel to its floodplain.  Stream restoration was conducted for restoring aging sanitary and bridge infrastructure and introducing some stormwater management in watersheds developed prior to current regulations.  Denitrification potential in sediments was variable across streams, whereas nitrate uptake length appeared to be significantly correlated to surface water velocity, which was low in the restored streams during summer baseflow conditions.  Uptake length of NO3- -N in Minebank Run estimated by 15N tracer addition was 556 m.  Whole stream denitrification rates in Minebank Run were 153 mg NO3- -N m-2 day-1, and approximately 40% of the daily load of nitrate was estimated to be removed via denitrification over a distance of 220.5 m in a stream reach designed to be hydrologically ‘‘connected’’ to its floodplain. Increased hydrologic residence time in Minebank Run during baseflow likely influenced rates of whole stream denitrification, suggesting that hydrologic residence time may be a key factor influencing N uptake and denitrification.  Restoration approaches that increase hydrologic ‘‘connectivity’’ with hyporheic sediments and increase hydrologic residence time may be useful for stimulating denitrification.  More work is necessary, however, to examine changes in denitrification rates in restored streams across different seasons, variable N loads, and in response to the ‘‘flashy’’ hydrologic flow conditions during storms common in urban streams.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2009-85638</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pickett, S.T.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jenkins, J. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Law, N. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nilon, C. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pouyat, R. V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Szlavecz, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Warren, P. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilson, M. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cadenasso, M. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grove, J.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Band, L. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boone, C. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burch, W. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grimmond, C. S. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hom, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beyond urban legends: an emerging framework of urban ecology, as illustrated by the Baltimore Ecosystem Study</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BES</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">139-150</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2008-85557</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cleavitt, N. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fahey, T. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hardy, J. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Henry, K. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Driscoll, C.T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of soil freezing on fine roots in a northern hardwood forest</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HBR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82-91</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2008-82547</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaushal, S. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mayer, P. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Striz, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gold, A. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of stream restoration on denitrification in an urbanizing watershed</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BES</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">789-804</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2008-85534</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cadenasso, M. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McGrath, B. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ONeil-Dunne, J. P. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stack, W. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Troy, A.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pickett, S.T.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Band, L. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brush, G. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Galvin, M. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grove, J.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hager, G. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marshall, V.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Exchanges across land-water-scape boundaries in urban systems: strategies for reducing nitrate pollution</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BES</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1134</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">213-232</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ISBN 1-57331-725-X</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conservation in urban areas typically focuses on biodiversity and large green spaces. However, opportunities exist throughout urban areas to enhance ecological functions. An important function of urban landscapes is retaining nitrogen thereby reducing nitrate pollution to streams and coastal waters. Control of nonpoint nitrate pollution in urban areas was originally based on the documented importance of riparian zones in agricultural and forested ecosystems. The watershed and boundary frameworks have been used to guide stream research and a riparian conservation strategy to reduce nitrate pollution in urban streams. But is stream restoration and riparian-zone conservation enough? Data from the Baltimore Ecosystem Study and other urban stream research indicate that urban riparian zones do not necessarily prevent nitrate from entering, nor remove nitrate from, streams. Based on this insight, policy makers in Baltimore extended the conservation strategy throughout larger watersheds, attempting to restore functions that no longer took place in riparian boundaries. Two urban revitalization projects are presented as examples aimed at reducing nitrate pollution to stormwater, streams, and the Chesapeake Bay. An adaptive cycle of ecological urban design synthesizes the insights from the watershed and boundary frameworks, from new data, and from the conservation concerns of agencies and local communities. This urban example of conservation based on ameliorating nitrate water pollution extends the initial watershed-boundary approach along three dimensions: 1) from riparian to urban land-water-scapes; 2) from discrete engineering solutions to ecological design approaches; and 3) from structural solutions to inclusion of individual, household, and institutional behavior</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Year in Ecology and Conservation Biology 2008</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2008-85504</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steinweg, J. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fisk, M. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alexander, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hardy, J. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Experimental snowpack reduction alters organic matter and net N mineralization potential of soil macroaggregates in a northern hardwood forest</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HBR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">45</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-10</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2008-82788</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaushal, S. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Findlay, S. E. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fisher, G. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Band, L. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shields, C. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morgan, R. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Palmer, M.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eshleman, K. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Belt, K. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swan, C. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interaction between urbanization and climate variability amplifies watershed nitrate export in Maryland</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BES</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5872-5878</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We investigated regional effects of urbanization and land use change on nitrate concentrations in approximately 1,000 small streams in Maryland during record drought and wet years in 2001?2003. We also investigated changes in nitrate-N export during the same time period in 8 intensively monitored small watersheds across an urbanization gradient in Baltimore, Maryland. Nitrate-N concentrations in Maryland were greatest in agricultural streams, urban streams, and forest streams respectively. During the period of record drought and wet years, nitrate-N exports in Baltimore showed substantial variation in 6 suburban/urban streams (2.9?15.3 kg/ha/y), 1 agricultural stream (3.4?38.9 kg/ha/y), and 1 forest stream (0.03?0.2 kg/ha/y). Interannual variability was similar for small Baltimore streams and nearby well-monitored tributaries and coincided with record hypoxia in Chesapeake Bay. Discharge-weighted mean annual nitrate concentrations showed a variable tendency to decrease/increase with changes in annual runoff, although total N export generally increased with annual runoff. N retention in small Baltimore watersheds during the 2002 drought was 85%, 99%, and 94% for suburban, forest, and agricultural watersheds, respectively, and declined to 35%, 91%, and 41% during the wet year of 2003. Our results suggest that urban land use change can increase the vulnerability of ecosystem nitrogen retention functions to climatic variability. Further work is necessary to characterize patterns of nitrate-N export and retention in small urbanizing watersheds under varying climatic conditions to improve future forecasting and watershed scale restoration efforts aimed at improving nitrate-N retention.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2008-85532</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D. P. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nadelhoffer, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grimm, N.B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collins, Scott L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michener, W. K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huston, M. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Living in an increasingly connected world: a framework for continental-scale environmental science</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BES</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">229-237</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2008-85555</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raciti, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fahey, T. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen retention in urban lawns and forests</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BES</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1615-1626</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lawns are a dominant cover type in urban ecosystems, and there is concern about their impacts on water quality. However, recent watershed-level studies suggest that these pervious areas might be net sinks, rather than sources, for nitrogen (N) in the urban environment. A 15N pulse-labeling experiment was performed on lawn and forest plots in the Baltimore (Maryland, USA) metropolitan area to test the hypothesis that lawns are a net sink for atmospheric-N deposition and to compare and contrast mechanisms of N retention in these vegetation types. A pulse of 15N-NO3?, simulating a precipitation event, was followed through mineral soils, roots, Oi-layer/thatch, aboveground biomass, microbial biomass, inorganic N, and evolved N2 gas over a one-year period. The 15N label was undetectable in gaseous samples, but enrichment of other pools was high. Gross rates of production and consumption of NO3? and NH4+ were measured to assess differences in internal N cycling under lawns and forests. Rates of N retention were similar during the first five days of the experiment, with lawns showing higher N retention than forests after 10, 70, and 365 days. Lawns had larger pools of available NO3? and NH4+; however, gross rates of mineralization and nitrification were also higher, leading to no net differences in NO3? and NH4+ turnover times between the two systems. Levels of 15N remained steady in forest mineral soils from day 70 to 365 (at 23% of applied 15N), but continued to accumulate in lawn mineral soils over this same time period, increasing from 20% to 33% of applied 15N. The dominant sink for N in lawn plots changed over time. Immobilization in mineral soils dominated immediately (one day) after tracer application (42% of recovered 15N); plant biomass dominated the short term (10 days; 51%); thatch and mineral-soil pools together dominated the medium term (70 days; 28% and 36%, respectively); and the mineral-soil pool alone dominated long-term retention (one year; 70% of recovered 15N). These findings illustrate the mechanisms whereby urban and suburban lawns under low to moderate management intensities are an important sink for atmospheric-N deposition.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2008-85562</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Craig, L. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaushal, S. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mayer, P. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith, S. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilcock, P. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Palmer, M.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richardson, D. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Filoso, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bernhardt, E. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bledsoe, B. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Doyle, M. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hassett, B. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stream restoration strategies for reducing river nitrogen loads</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BES</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">529-538</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2008-85514</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shields, C. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Band, L. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Law, N. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaushal, S. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Savvas, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fisher, G. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Belt, K. T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Streamflow distribution of non-point source nitrogen export from urban-rural catchments in the Chesapeake Bay watershed</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BES</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">44</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen (N) export from urban and urbanizing watersheds is a major contributor to water quality degradation and eutrophication of receiving water bodies. Methods to reduce N exports using best management practices (BMP) have targeted both source reduction and hydrologic flow path retention. Stream restoration is a BMP targeted to multiple purposes but includes increasing flow path retention to improve water quality. As restorations are typically most effective at lower discharge rates with longer residence times, distribution of N load by stream discharge is a significant influence on catchment nitrogen retention. We explore impacts of urbanization on magnitude and export flow distribution of nitrogen along an urban-rural gradient in a set of catchments studied by the Baltimore Ecosystem Study (BES). We test the hypotheses that N export magnitude increases and cumulative N export shifts to higher, less frequent discharge with catchment urbanization. We find that increasing development in watersheds is associated with shifts in nitrogen export toward higher discharge, while total magnitude of export does not show as strong a trend. Forested reference, low-density suburban, and agricultural catchments export most of the total nitrogen (TN) and nitrate (NO3 ?) loads at relatively low flows. More urbanized sites export TN and NO3 ? at higher and less frequent flows. The greatest annual loads of nitrogen are from less developed agricultural and low-density residential (suburban/exurban) areas; the latter is the most rapidly growing land use in expanding metropolitan areas. A simple statistical model relating export distribution metrics to impervious surface area is then used to extrapolate parameters of the N export distribution across the Gwynns Falls watershed in Baltimore County. This spatial extrapolation has potential applications as a tool for predictive mapping of variations in export distribution and targeting stream channel restoration efforts at the watershed scale.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">W09416</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2008-85566</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Welty, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shedlock, R. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McGuire, M. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miller, A. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Belt, K. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith, J. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Band, L. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scanlon, T. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Warner, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ryan, R. J.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, P.</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Design of an environmental field observatory for quantifying the urban water budget</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cities of the future: toward integrated sustainable water and landscape management</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BES</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IWA Publishing - International Water Association</style></publisher><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">74-91</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">978-1843391364</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This book is developed from and includes the presentations of leading international experts and scholars in the 12-14 July, 2006 Wingspread Workshop.  With urban waters as a focal point, this book will explore the links between urban water quality and hydrology, and the broader concepts of green cities and smart growth. It also addresses legal and social barriers to urban ecological sustainability and proposes practical ways to overcome those barriers.  Cities of the Future features chapters containing visionary concepts on how to ensure that cities and their water resources become ecologically sustainable and are able to provide clean water for all beneficial uses. The book links North American and Worldwide experience  and approaches.  The book is primarily a professional reference aimed at a wide interdisciplinary audience, including universities, consultants, environmental advocacy groups and legal environmental professionals.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2007-85483</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dittman, J. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Driscoll, C.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fahey, T. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dynamics of nitrogen and dissolved organic carbon at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HBR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">88</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1153-1166</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2007-82515</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pouyat, R. V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pataki, D. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Belt, K. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hom, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Band, L. E.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pitelka, L. F.</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of urban land-use change on biogeochemical cycles</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Terrestrial ecosystems in a changing world</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IGBP Series</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BES</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Springer-Verlag</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berlin-Heidelberg-New York</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">45-58</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Urban land-use change, the conversion of agricultural recand natural ecosystems to human settlements, has become an important component of global change. Virtually all of the projected increase in the world''s population is expected to occur in cities so that by the year 2007 more than half of the global population is expected to live in urban areas (United Nations 2004). Yet, urban settlements and surrounding areas are complex ecological systems that have only recently been studied from a rigorous ecological perspective (Pickett et al. 2001).</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2007-85461</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schmidt, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Band, L. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fisher, G. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Law, N. L.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berkowitz, A. R.</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Exploring watersheds in Baltimore</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baltimore Ecosystem Study - Investigating Urban Ecosystems program</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BES</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Millbrook, NY</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2007-85467</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Judd, K. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Likens, G.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">High nitrate retention during winter in soils of the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HBR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">217-225</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2007-82525</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Campbell, J. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mitchell, M.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mayer, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Christenson, L. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mobility of nitrogen-15-labeled nitrate and sulfur-34 labeled sulfate during snowmelt</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HBR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1934-1944</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2007-82513</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pickett, S.T.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Belt, K. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Galvin, M. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grove, J.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Outen, D. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pouyat, R. V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stack, W. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cadenasso, M. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Watersheds in Baltimore, Maryland: understanding and application of integrated ecological and social processes</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BES</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">136</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">44-55</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2007-85456</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fisk, M. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Driscoll, C.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Likens, G.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fahey, T. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eagar, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pardo, L.H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calcium additions and microbial nitrogen cycle processes in a northern hardwood forest</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HBR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1289-1305</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2006-75460</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hale, R. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chloride effects on nitrogen dynamics in forested and suburban stream debris dams</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BES</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27 October 2006</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2425-2432</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Organic debris dams (accumulations of organic material) can function as &quot;hotspots&quot; of nitrogen (N) processing in streams. Suburban streams are often characterized by high flows that prevent the accumulation of organic debris and by elevated concentrations of solutes, especially nitrate (NO3–) and chloride (Cl–). In this study we (1) studied the effects of urbanization on the extent and characteristics of debris dams in large and small streams and (2) evaluated the effects of NO3– and Cl– on rates of N cycle processes in these debris dams. In some suburban streams debris dams were small and rare, but in others factors that reduce the effects of high stream flows fostered the maintenance of debris dams. Ambient denitrification enzyme activity (DEA) in these suburban and forested streams was positively correlated with stream NO3– concentrations. In laboratory microcosms, DEA in debris dam material from a forested reference stream was increased by NO3– additions. Chloride additions constrained the response of DEA to NO3– additions in material from the forested stream, but had no effect on DEA in material from streams with a history of high Cl– levels. Chloride additions changed the sign of net N mineralization from negative (consumption of inorganic N) to positive in debris dam material from the forested reference stream, but had no effect on net mineralization in material from streams with a history of exposure to Cl–. Understanding the factors regulating the maintenance and N cycling activity of organic debris, and incorporating them into urban stream management plans could have important effects on N dynamics in suburban watersheds.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2006-85335</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaye, J.P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grimm, N.B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baker, L. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pouyat, R. V.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A distinct urban biogeochemistry?</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BES</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">192-199</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2006-85347</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peterson, G.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Poff, N. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rejeski, D. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reynolds, J. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Turner, M.G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weathers, K. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wiens, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baron, J.S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blett, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gold, A. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goodman, I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gunderson, L. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Levinson, B. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Palmer, M.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paerl , H.W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological thresholds: the key to successful environmental management or an important concept with no practical application?</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BES</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-13</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2006-85330</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Szlavecz, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Placella, S. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pouyat, R. V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Csuzdi, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yesilonis, I. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Invasive earthworm species and nitrogen cycling in remnant forest patches</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BES</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">54-63</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2006-85389</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pouyat, R. V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cadenasso, M. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zipperer, W. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Szlavecz, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yesilonis, I. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Band, L. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brush, G. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land use context and natural soil controls on plant community composition and soil nitrogen and carbon dynamics in urban and rural forests</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BES</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">236</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">177-192</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2006-85331</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Venterea, R. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Verchot, L. V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potter, C. S.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Loucks, L. L.</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Landscape and regional scale studies of nitrogen gas fluxes</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scaling and Uncertainty Analysis in Ecology: Methods and Applications</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HBR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Springer</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Netherlands</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2006-75462</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fisk, M. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kessler, W. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goodale, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fahey, T. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Driscoll, C.T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Landscape variation in microarthropod response to calcium addition in a northern hardwood forest.</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HBR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">50</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">69-78</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2006-75459</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hardy, J. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Driscoll, C.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fahey, T. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Snow depth, soil freezing, and fluxes of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane in a northern hardwood forest</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HBR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1748-1760</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2006-75461</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fahey, T. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holmes, R. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schwarz, P. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Siccama, T. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Driscoll, C.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Likens, G.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Campbell, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnson, C. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aber, J.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cole, J. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fisk, M. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The biogeochemistry of carbon at Hubbard Brook</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HBR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">109-176</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2005-75416</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaushal, S. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Likens, G.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Belt, K. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Band, L. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fisher, G. T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Changing land use and the anthropogenic salinization of inland waters</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BES</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">102</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13517-13520</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2005-85236</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaushal, S. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Likens, G.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Belt, K. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stack, W. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kelly, V. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Band, L. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fisher, G. T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Increased salinization of fresh water in the northeastern United States</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HBR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">102</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13517-13520</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2005-75424</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dorsey, A. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mayer, P. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">N processing within geomorphic structures in urban streams</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BES</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">613-625</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2005-85218</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walsh, C. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roy, A. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feminella, J. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cottingham, P. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morgan, Ii R. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The urban stream syndrome: current knowledge and the search for a cure</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BES</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">706-723</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2005-85276</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Campbell, J. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mitchell, M.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Christenson, L. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hardy, J. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Winter in northeastern North America: A critical period for ecological processes</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HBR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">314-322</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2005-75409</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Venterea, R. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Verchot, L. V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magill, A. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aber, J.D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gross nitrogen process rates in temperate forest soils exhibiting symptoms of nitrogen saturation</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HBR</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HFR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">196</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">129-142</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2004-51020</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Driscoll, C.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eager, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fisk, M. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fahey, T. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holmes, R. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Likens, G.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pardo, L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A new governance structure for the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HBR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">85</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6-May</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2004-75371</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Law, N. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Belt, K. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Band, L. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fisher, G. T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen fluxes and retention in urban watershed ecosystems</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BES</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year></dates><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27 April 2004</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">393-403</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Although the watershed approach has long been used to study whole-ecosystem function, it has seldom been applied to study human-dominated systems, especially those dominated by urban and suburban land uses. Here we present 3 years of data on nitrogen (N) losses from one completely forested, one agricultural, and six urban/suburban watersheds, and input–output N budgets for suburban, forested, and agricultural watersheds. The work is a product of the Baltimore Ecosystem Study, a long-term study of urban and suburban ecosystems, and a component of the US National Science Foundationrsquos long-term ecological research (LTER) network. As expected, urban and suburban watersheds had much higher N losses than did the completely forested watershed, with N yields ranging from 2.9 to 7.9 kg N ha–1 y–1 in the urban and suburban watersheds compared with less than 1 kg N ha–1 y–1 in the completely forested watershed. Yields from urban and suburban watersheds were lower than those from an agricultural watershed (13–19.8 kg N ha–1 y–1). Retention of N in the suburban watershed was surprisingly high, 75% of inputs, which were dominated by home lawn fertilizer (14.4 kg N ha–1 y–1) and atmospheric deposition (11.2 kg N ha–1 y–1). Detailed analysis of mechanisms of N retention, which must occur in the significant amounts of pervious surface present in urban and suburban watersheds, and which include storage in soils and vegetation and gaseous loss, is clearly warranted.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2004-85164</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Driscoll, C.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Likens, G.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fahey, T. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holmes, R. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eagar, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aber, J.D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nor gloom of night: A new conceptual model for the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HBR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">54</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">139-148</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2004-75372</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shachak, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Waide, R.B.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shachak, M.</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Unified Framework II: Ecosystem processes: a link between species and landscape diversity</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dryland Biodiversity</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LUQ</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxford University Press</style></publisher><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2004-70613</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crawford, M. K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Denitrification potential in urban riparian zones</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BES</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1144-1149</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2003-85125</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bain, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Band, L. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Belt, K. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brush, G. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grove, J.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pouyat, R. V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yesilonis, I. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zipperer, W. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Down by the riverside: urban riparian ecology</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BES</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">315-321</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2003-85124</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tierney, G. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fahey, T. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hardy, J. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fitzhugh, R. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Driscoll, C.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yavitt, J. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental control of fine root dynamics in a northern hardwood forest</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HBR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">670-679</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2003-75353</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fiorentino, I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fahey, T. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Driscoll, C.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eager, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Siccama, T. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Initial responses of phosphorus biogeochemistry to calcium addition in a northern hardwood forest ecosystem</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HBR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1864-1873</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2003-75319</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Venterea, R. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lovett, G. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schwarz, P. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Landscape patterns of net nitrification in a northern hardwood-conifer forest</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HBR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">67</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">527-539</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2003-75357</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grimm, N.B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mayorga, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McClain, M.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinay, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gergel, S.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McDowel, W.H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boyer, E.W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dent, C.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hart, SC</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvey, J.W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnston, C. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merging aquatic and terrestrial perspectives of nutrient biogeochemistry</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CAP</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LUQ</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://luq.lternet.edu/publications/lterpub/grimmerg.html</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">137</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">485-501</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2003-70565</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Houlton, B. Z.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Driscoll, C.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fahey, T. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Likens, G.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bernhardt, E. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Buso, D. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen dynamics in ice storm-damaged forest ecosystems: Implications for nitrogen limitation theory</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HBR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">431-443</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2003-75330</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Venterea, R. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Verchot, L. V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magill, A. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aber, J.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steudler, P.A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen oxide gas emissions from temperate forest soils receiving long-term nitogen inputs.</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HFR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">346-357</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2003-51019</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fitzhugh, R. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Likens, G.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Driscoll, C.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mitchell, M.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fahey, T. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hardy, J. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Role of soil freezing events in interannual patterns of stream chemistry at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HBR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1575-1580</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2003-75321</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fitzhugh, R. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Driscoll, C.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tierney, G. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fahey, T. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hardy, J. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil freezing and the acid-base chemistry of soil solutions in a northern hardwood forest</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HBR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">67</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1897-1908</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2003-75320</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pouyat, R. V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yesilonis, I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hernandez, L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil carbon pools and fluxes in urban ecosystems</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BES</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">116</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">107-118</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2002-85093</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boulware, N. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zipperer, W. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pouyat, R. V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Band, L. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Colosimo, M. F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil nitrogen cycle processes in urban riparian zones</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BES</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year></dates><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25 September 2002</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4547-4552</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Riparian zones have been found to function as “sinks</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2002-85073</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Driscoll, C.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fahey, T. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hardy, J. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fitzhugh, R. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tierney, G. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Colder soils in a warmer world: A snow manipulation study in a northern hardwood forest ecosystem</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HBR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">135-150</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2001-75205</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Driscoll, C.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fahey, T. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hardy, J. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fitzhugh, R. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tierney, G. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of mild winter freezing on soil nitrogen and carbon dynamics in a northern hardwood forest</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HBR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">191-213</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2001-75206</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fitzhugh, R. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Driscoll, C.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tierney, G. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fahey, T. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hardy, J. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of soil freezing disturbance on soil solution nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon chemistry in a northern hardwood ecosystem</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HBR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">215-238</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2001-75202</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Band, L. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tague, C. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Belt, K. T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest ecosystem processes at the watershed scale: hydrological and ecological controls of nitrogen export</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BES</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11 July 2001</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013-2028</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We present a hierarchically distributed model of catchment forest hydrology and biogeochemistry. The goal of the model is to evaluate and predict the distribution of water, carbon and nitrogen cycling within a forested watershed, as well as the export of nitrate. We use a spatial hierarchy of land elements arranged through the stream network, and successively containing catchments, subcatchments, hillslopes, then patches (within each hillslope) to distribute key processes. Time scales of active processes range from those forced by daily meteorology to canopy growth and soil development occurring over decades. This allows us to follow the hydrological and biogeochemical dynamics of the landscape over a range of spatial and temporal scales. A key assumption of the model is that a substantial amount of the water movement through the unsaturated zone occurs as preferential flow. Nitrate is then transported downslope by rising saturated zones during storms. We test the predictions of the model with preliminary data generated as part of the Baltimore Long-Term Ecological Research site. The hydrological modules of the model are calibrated with rainfall/runoff data from the 1980s, while the nitrogen cycling modules are uncalibrated. The model generated good correspondence to the seasonal dynamics of stream water nitrate concentration over the 1998-1999 water year.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10 Special Issue: Hydrology and Biogeochemistry of Forested Catchments</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2001-85003</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nielson, C. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hamburg, S. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Driscoll, C.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fahey, T. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hardy, J. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Freezing effects on carbon and nitrogen cycling in northern hardwood forest soils</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HBR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">65</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1723-1730</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2001-75236</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bohlen, P. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Driscoll, C.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fahey, T. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Siccama, T. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant-soil-microbial interactions in a northern hardwood forest</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HBR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">965-978</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2001-75189</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hardy, J. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nolan, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fitzhugh, R. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Henry, K. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Welman, T. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Demers, J. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fahey, T. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Driscoll, C.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tierney, G. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Snow depth manipulation and its influence on soil frost and water dynamics in a northern hardwood forest</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HBR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">151-174</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2001-75212</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tierney, G. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fahey, T. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hardy, J. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fitzhugh, R. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Driscoll, C.T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil freezing alters fine root dynamics in a northern hardwood forest</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HBR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">175-190</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2001-75255</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McDowell, W.H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Myers, J.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merriam, J.L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil microbial biomass and activity in tropical riparian forests</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil Biology and Biochemistry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LUQ</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1339-1348</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2001-70483</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steinhart, G. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Likens, G.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Denitrification in stream sediments in five northeastern (USA) streams</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HBR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1331-1336</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2000-75171</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wagner-Riddle, C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brumme, R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Butterbach-Bahl, K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dobbie, KE</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mosier, AR</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ojima, D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Papen, H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parton, WJ</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith, KA</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evaluating annual nitrous oxide fluxes at the ecosystem scale</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SGS</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1061-1070</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2000-68532</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sumner, M.E.</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen in the environment</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Handbook of Soil Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">KBS</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CRC Press</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boca Raton, Florida, USA</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C190-200</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER.2000-39762</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" 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