Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, near Albuquerque, New Mexico

\log

12/20/97 - Date this file created. G. Shore.
12/22/97 - Corrected Thermal Bands 3, 4, and 5 according to instructions
detailed in the files avhrrfix.txt and us.lut found on the 1996
USGS-EDC US AVHRR CD set (See Appendix III below). G. Shore.
10/30/01 - Added date/time fields to APPENDIX II section. G. Shore.


\doc

##############################################################
DATA SET CODE AND TITLE

SEV031 AVHRR Biweekly Composites (1995)


##############################################################
ABSTRACT
This dataset contains 25 separate 14-day composited AVHRR
images for 1995 clipped approximatedly to the New Mexico State
boundaries (plus 50 Km buffer around boundary). These were
obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey's EROS Data Center (EDC),
National Mapping Division, from the "CONTERMINOUS U.S. AVHRR BIWEEKLY
COMPOSITES" CD product series.


##############################################################
KEYWORDS
SEV031 AVHRR Advanced_Very_High_Resolution_Radiometer NOAA Satellite_Imagery Remote_Sensing USGS_EROS_Data_Center 1995


##############################################################
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. WHY THE DATA WERE COLLECTED
II. WHEN THE DATA WERE COLLECTED
III. WHO IS INVOLVED WITH THE DATA
IV. WHERE TH DATA WERE COLLECTED
V. HOW THE DATA WERE COLLECTED AND PROCESSED BY THE USGS EDC
VI. HOW THE DATA WERE PROCESSED BY THE SEVILLETA IMS (SIMS)
VII. APPENDIX I - USGS EDC Metadata
VIII. APPENDIX II - Pixel Date Attribute Table
IX. APPENDIX III - USGS EDC Thermal Bands (3,4,5) Correction Procedures


##############################################################
I. WHY THE DATA WERE COLLECTED

See the U.S. Geological Survey's EROS Data Center (EDC)
documentation in APPENDIX I below.


##############################################################
II. WHEN THE DATA WERE COLLECTED

Twenty-five 14-day composites for 1995. See the U.S. Geological
Survey's EROS Data Center (EDC) documentation in APPENDIX I below
for specific composite periods.


##############################################################
III. WHO IS INVOLVED WITH THE DATA

SOURCE AGENCY CONTACTS:
See the U.S. Geological Survey's EROS Data Center (EDC) documentation
in APPENDIX I below for USGS EDC contacts.

LOCAL SEVILLETA LTER CONTACTS:
Primary contact:
Greg Shore, Sevilleta LTER (gshore@sevilleta.unm.edu).

Principle investigators:
Bruce Milne, Sevilleta LTER (bmilne@sevilleta.unm.edu)

GIS/GPS specialist:
Greg Shore, Sevilleta LTER (gshore@sevilleta.unm.edu).

Data Management
Greg Shore, Sevilleta LTER (gshore@sevilleta.unm.edu)


##############################################################
IV. WHERE THE DATA WERE COLLECTED

The original biweekly composited images covered the
Conterminous United States. However, the images were clipped
to the approximate New Mexico State boundaries (plus 50 Km buffer
around boundary) for online access purposes, while the full U.S.
scenes are stored offline on tape. The clipping coordinates were
selected to perform exact clipping, so no resampling was required.
The approximate online (NM clipped) boundaries are:

Latitude/Longitude, decimal degrees (Clarke 1866 spheroid)
XMIN: -109.515170 YMIN 30.759247 XMAX -102.454601 YMAX 37.817184

Lambert Azimuthal Equal-area (see EDC document for projection info)
XMIN: -914000 YMIN -1529000 XMAX -216000 YMAX -795000

The source and the clipped images are in the following map projection:
Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area projection
Parameters:
Radius of sphere 6,370,997.0 meters
Longitude of central meridian 100 00 00 West
Latitude of origin 45 00 00 North
False easting 0
False northing 0
Units of measure meters
Pixel size 1,000 meters

Each clipped image has 735 rows and 699 columns, and has a cell size
of 1000 x 1000 m.

See the U.S. Geological Survey's EROS Data Center (EDC) documentation
in APPENDIX I below for spatial extent, projection information, etc.,
related to the full Conterminous US scenes.


##############################################################
V. HOW THE DATA WERE COLLECTED AND PROCESSED BY THE USGS EDC

See the U.S. Geological Survey's EROS Data Center (EDC)
documentation in APPENDIX I below.


##############################################################
VI. HOW THE DATA WERE PROCESSED BY THE SEVILLETA IMS (SIMS)

The general SIMS processing steps for each biweekly composite
period were to read the 10 image bands off the source USGS-EDC CD,
concatenate/import them into a 10-band ERDAS Imagine format image
file, georegister to the USGS-EDC specifications, clip the scene
to the approximate New Mexico State boundaries, move the clipped
scene to the online SIMS archive, and write the full scene to
offline tape.

The band order in the archived scenes is:

1- NOAA CHANNEL 1 6- NDVI
2- NOAA CHANNEL 2 7- SATELLITE ZENITH
3- NOAA CHANNEL 3 8- SOLAR ZENITH
4- NOAA CHANNEL 4 9- RELATIVE AZIMUTH
5- NOAA CHANNEL 5 10- DATE

The bands are described in detail in the U.S. Geological Survey's
EROS Data Center (EDC) documentation in APPENDIX I below. The
attribute data for the "DATE" band is found in APPENDIX II below.

*NOTE* that the Thermal Bands 3, 4, and 5 were corrected according to
instructions detailed in the files avhrrfix.txt and us.lut found
on the 1996 USGS-EDC US AVHRR CD set (See Appendix III below for
copy of this file). A phone call to the USGS-EDC on 12/22/97
verified that although the 1996 data were processed correctly
before release, that the 1995 data set still needed this additional
correction of the thermal bands.

A more precise description of the processing steps is as follows:

1. Mount AVHRR CD

2. Read the 10 bands of information off the CD for each biweekly composited
scene, concatenate the 10 bands into a single file, then import as an
ERDAS Imagine 10-band image file (of size 2889 rows x 4587 cols). This
process was automated with the C-shell script:

/db/local/imagery/bincom/avhrr_import.csh 95

NOTE: this generates 10-band ERDAS Imagine format files, that are of
image size 2889 rows x 4587 cols, with filenames as follows:

avhrr95pPP.img

where: PP = bi-weekly growth period number

and bands in following order::
1- NOAA CHANNEL 1 6- NDVI
2- NOAA CHANNEL 2 7- SATELLITE ZENITH
3- NOAA CHANNEL 3 8- SOLAR ZENITH
4- NOAA CHANNEL 4 9- RELATIVE AZIMUTH
5- NOAA CHANNEL 5 10- DATE

3. Georegister the scene as follows:
Bring up ERDAS Imagine GUI, then Tools->ImageInfo tool and do:
1. File->Open->avhrr95pPP.img
2. Edit->Change Map Model:
a. Upper Left X: -2050000
b. Upper Left Y: 752000
c. Pixel Size X: 1000
d. Pixel Size Y: 1000
e. Units: meters
f. Projection: Lambert Azimuthal Equal-area
NOTE: click OK, then answer "Yes" to changing Map Model in all layers.
3. Edit->Add/Change Projection:
a. Spheroid Name: Sphere of Radius 6370997m
b. Datum Name: Undefined
c. Longitude of center of projection: 100:00:00 W
d. Latitude of center of projection: 45:00:00 N
e. False easting: 0.0 meters
f. False northing: 0.0 meters
NOTE: click OK, then answer "Yes" to changing Map Model in all layers.
4. Edit->Change Layer Name:
a. Change bands 1 - 5 to Channel_1, Channel_2, ..., Channel_5,respectively
b. Change band 6 to NDVI
c. Change bands 7 - 10 to SATELLITE_ZENITH, SOLAR ZENITH,
RELATIVE_AZIMUTH, and DATE, respectively

4. Clip full-scene to New Mexico minimum bounding box (+50 Km buffer) with
coordinates ULx = -914000, ULy = -795000, LRx = -216000, LRy = -1529000,
and dimensions 735 rows x 699 columns. This process was automated with
the C-shell scripts:

/db/local/imagery/bincom/batch_avhrr_clip2nm.csh, which calls:
/db/local/imagery/bincom/avhrr_clip2nm.csh avhrr95pPP.img avhrr95pPPnm.img

NOTE: this generates 10-band ERDAS Imagine format files, that are of
image size 735 rows x 699 cols, with filenames as follows:

avhrr95pPPnm.img

5. Unix compress the NM clipped image, make an archive directory, and move it
to the archive destination (/db/archive/imagery/avhrr/avhrr95pPP/). This
process was automated with the C-shell scripts:

/db/local/imagery/bincom/avhrr_archive.csh

NOTE: this generates Unix compressed files with filenames as follows:

avhrr95pPPnm.img.Z

6. Compress (gzip) and archive the full scene image to 4mm DAT tape, then
remove from online disk:

gzip avhrr95pPP.img
mt -f /dev/rmt/0cn fsf <#>
tar cvf /dev/rmt/0cn avhrr95pPP.img.gz
rm avhrr95pPP.img.gz

7. Copy the most current yearly "USGS-EDC-AVHRR Dataset README" file off CD for
inclusion in the online SIMS IAF metadata file (avhrr95.dbf) for the images
(note, must also convert from DOS to Unix file):

dos2unix /cdrom/cdrom0/readme.1st avhrr95readme.1st

8. Copy the "Date of Acquisition by Pixel" attribute file off each CD, then
split by biweekly period for inclusion in GIS/RS Metadata Abstract file
(avhrr95pPPnm.mda), and merge by year for inclusion in SIMS IAF metadata
file (avhrr95.dbf):

dos2unix /cdrom/cdrom0/geom/date.att avhrr95pPP-PPdate.att

/db/local/imagery/bincom/batch_avhrr_split_dateatt.csh, which calls:
/db/local/imagery/bincom/avhrr_split_dateatt.csh

/db/local/imagery/bincom/avhrr_concat_dates.csh 95 > avhrr95date.att

9. Generate (this) SIMS IAF metadata file (i.e., avhrr95.dbf) using template
file (avhrr_dbf.tmpl), appending readme file (avhrr95readme.1st), and date
file (avhrr95date.att).

10. Generate GIS/RS Metadata Abstract file for each image, and put with
image in appropriate directory (/db/archive/imagery/avhrr/avhrr95pPP/):

/db/local/imagery/bincom/get_avhrr_dates.csh 95 avhrr95.dbf 97 \
> avhrr95periods.txt

/db/local/imagery/bincom/batch_make_avhrr_abstract.csh avhrr95periods.txt
which calls:
/db/local/imagery/bincom/make_avhrr_abstract.csh

11. Correct Thermal Bands 3, 4, and 5 according to instructions provided
in USGS EDC files avhrrfix.txt and us.lut found on 1996 CD data set
(both found in APPENDIX III below):

/db/local/imagery/bincom/fix_avhrr95bands345.csh, which calls
/db/local/imagery/bincom/fix_avhrr95bands345.mdl


##############################################################
VII. APPENDIX I - USGS EDC Metadata

THE 1995 CONTERMINOUS U.S. AVHRR BIWEEKLY COMPOSITES
TABLE OF CONTENTS


Page
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Data Set Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Scene Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Satellite and Solar Viewing Geometry. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Radiometric Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index. . . . . . . . . . . .
Date of Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Geometric Registration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Compositing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CD-ROM Organization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .




THE 1995 CONTERMINOUS U.S. AVHRR BIWEEKLY COMPOSITES

INTRODUCTION
In 1987, the U.S. Geological Survey's EROS Data Center (EDC), in Sioux Falls,
South Dakota, began receiving Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR)
data from NOAA polar-orbiting satellites. The central location of the EDC in
the United States enables direct reception of all AVHRR overpasses of the
lower 48 States, as well as much of Canada and Mexico. Early in the 1990
growing season the EDC started acquiring NOAA-11 AVHRR 1-km resolution daily
observations to produce weekly and biweekly maximum normalized difference
vegetation index (NDVI) composites of the conterminous United States
(Eidenshink, 1992). The objective of the vegetation mapping program is to
compile, annually, a comprehensive series of calibrated, georegistered, daily
observations, and biweekly maximum NDVI composites. These data are being
published on CD-ROM for distribution of the data set. These data sets can be
used in environmental monitoring and global climate change studies.

The vegetation diversity of the conterminous United States provides
opportunities for using both AVHRR data and the NDVI for monitoring vegetation
condition in several different ecosystems, including forests, agricultural
crops, and grasslands. The data set provides a comprehensive growing season
profile of these ecosystems, is extremely useful for assessing seasonal
variations in vegetation conditions, and provides a foundation for studying
long-term changes resulting from human or natural factors.




DATA SET CHARACTERISTICS
The data set is composed of twenty-one 14-day maximum NDVI composites, created
from nearly 400 NOAA-14 images, and 3 single date images. The 17 core
composite periods represent a continuous period from January 20, 1995 to
January 4, 1996. The 1995 data set is available as a set of seven CD-ROM's.
Each of the first six discs has four biweekly composites and miscellaneous
data that are described later in this file. The seventh disc of the 1995
CD-ROM series contains a biweekly composite and miscellaneous data, some daily
observation AVHRR scenes selected from key periods during the 1995 growing
season, and NDVI statistics of all counties in the conterminous United States
for each composite period. The daily observations were selected at the end of
the 1995 growing season and are identified and described on the seventh disc.

Each daily observation includes nine bands of information: AVHRR channels 1-5,
NDVI, satellite zenith, solar zenith, and relative azimuth. The daily
observations have been calibrated to reflectance, scaled to byte data, and
geometrically registered to the Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area map projection.

Each 14-day composite includes 10 bands of information, the 9 bands described
above for each daily observation and a 10th band, which is a pointer to
identify the date of the source daily observation scene. The data for each
pixel in the composite are extracted from the daily observation scene on the
basis of the maximum NDVI compositing process.


The 14-day composite periods for 1995 were:
____________________________________________________
Period Date of coverage Julian day
____________________________________________________

1 01/20 - 02/02/1995 020 - 033
2 02/03 - 02/16/1995 034 - 047
3 02/17 - 03/02/1995 048 - 061
4 03/03 - 03/16/1995 062 - 075
5 03/17 - 03/30/1995 076 - 089
6 03/31 - 04/13/1995 090 - 103
7 04/14 - 04/27/1995 104 - 117
8 04/28 - 05/11/1995 118 - 131
9 05/12 - 05/25/1995 132 - 145
10 05/26 - 06/08/1995 146 - 159
11 06/09 - 06/22/1995 160 - 173
12 06/23 - 07/06/1995 174 - 187
13 07/07 - 07/20/1995 188 - 201
14 07/21 - 08/03/1995 202 - 215
15 08/04 - 08/17/1995 216 - 229
16 08/18 - 08/31/1995 230 - 243
17 09/01 - 09/14/1995 244 - 257
18 09/15 - 09/28/1995 258 - 271
19 09/29 - 10/12/1995 272 - 285
20 10/13 - 10/26/1995 286 - 299
21 10/27 - 11/09/1995 300 - 313
22 11/10 - 11/23/1995 314 - 327
23 11/24 - 12/07/1995 328 - 341
24 12/08 - 12/21/1995 342 - 355
25 12/22 - 01/04/1996 356 - 004
____________________________________________________
The image dimensions of each band are 2,889 lines and 4,587 samples (13
megabytes).

NOTE: Prior to the 1994 image compositing the format of the Land Analysis
System (LAS) files contained a 512 byte header record followed by data blocked
into 512 byte segments for each line. As a result the dimension increased to
4,608 samples. The LAS software package no longer has this criteria. Actual
image data is processed and reported as 2,889 lines by 4,587 samples.



PROCEDURES
The sections that follow describe the data processing flow that was used at
the EDC to create a composite data set. All image processing was conducted
using Land Analysis System (Ailts and others, 1990) software.

Scene Selection
Cloud-free AVHRR observations of the land surface are necessary for monitoring
the vegetation conditions. A single AVHRR overpass is seldom completely cloud
free. Holben (1986) showed that compositing AVHRR data acquired over several
days produces spatially continuous cloud-free images over large areas with
sufficient temporal resolution to study green vegetation dynamics. The
duration of consecutive daily observations is called the compositing period.
On a daily basis during a composite period, each observation of NOAA-14 data
over the conterminous United States was evaluated for cloud cover. Typically,
there are two satellite overpasses per day, one over the eastern portion of
North America and a second pass over the western part of the continent. Every
image that provided a clear observation of a large ground surface area at
reasonable nadir viewing angles is included in the composite. On an average,
18 daily observations per biweekly period are included in the composite.

Satellite and Solar Viewing Geometry
The availability of the viewing geometry information allows studies on the
effects of off-nadir viewing and the investigation of potential data
correction techniques. The solar zenith angle is used during the calibration
process to correct the solar illumination variability along an orbit.

The computation of the solar and satellite geometry is a process that derives
the satellite zenith, solar zenith, and relative azimuth angle for each image
pixel. The relative azimuth is the absolute difference between the satellite
and solar azimuth angles. The computed angles do not exceed 180 degrees. A
separate image band is created for each of these three angle computations.

The satellite zenith angle is computed in degrees, in which nadir is
represented as 90 degrees. Therefore, values less than 90 degrees represent
view angles in the back scattered (easterly) direction and values greater than
90 represent the forward scatter (westerly) direction. Note that the
effective field of view of the satellite is approximately 55 degrees each side
of nadir, but computed satellite zenith angles can exceed 55 degrees because
of the curvature of the Earth.

The relative azimuth angle is computed as the absolute difference between the
solar azimuth and the satellite azimuth angles. The computed values are in
the 0 - 180 range. The relative azimuth angle is computed instead of separate
azimuth angles because only the absolute difference between the azimuth angles
is required for atmospheric correction algorithms. Also, saving only the
computed relative azimuth angle requires only one band in a daily observation
and composite image instead of two, which reduces the image storage
requirements on CD-ROM.

Radiometric Calibration
Radiometric calibration of the AVHRR visible and near-infrared channels
(channels 1 and 2) is an important consideration because there is poor
preflight calibration, no onboard calibration, and difficulty with in-flight
calibration. Preflight calibration coefficients can change while the
instrument is in storage, or after launch, because of the space environment.
Degradation of AVHRR sensors after launch has been well documented (Rao, 1987;
Price, 1987; Holben and others, 1990). It was determined shortly after launch
that the prelaunch coefficients provided by NOAA were not useful. Changes in
the response of Channel 1 after the launch were evident.

EDC's ADAPS processing system converts raw digital counts c to percent
surface reflectance R by

R = (d*d/z)*kb(c-C),

where

d is the earth-sun distance in astronomical units,
z is the cosine of the solar zenith angle,
k is 100 times the inverse of the mean solar flux through the
bandpass, given in units of square meters microns per watts
(the factor of 100 converts the reflectance to percent
reflectance),
b is the channel's gain coefficient in units of watts per
square meter per micron per digital count, and
C is the deep space digital count.

The inverse of the instrument gain coefficient and the deep space digital
count are obtained from quadratic functions of time t, which is specified
in units of days since launch:

1/b = a_2*t*t + a_1*t + a_0,
and
C = e_2*t*t + e_1*t + e_0.

A look-up table gives the values of k and the quadratic coefficients
(a_0, a_1, a_2; e_0, e_1, e_2) for each AVHRR sensor along with the
time period over which these values are valid (Table 1 gives these values
for NOAA-14). The values of the quadratic coefficients are derived from
a variety of calibration studies (Teillet and Holben, 1994).

Reflectance values for channels 1 and 2 were converted to byte data, where
the range 0 - 254 represents 0 to 63.5 percent reflectance. The value
255 corresponds to reflectance greater than 63.5 percent. Any feature
with greater than 63 percent reflectance is considered to be bright and
non-vegetative.



TABLE 1: NOAA-14's inverse mean solar fluxes and quadratic calibration
coefficients for the inverse instrument gain coefficient and the
deep space digital count.

CHANNEL k a_0 a_1 a_2 e_0 e_1 e_2 VALID TIME PERIOD
------- ----- ---- --- --- ---- --- --- -----------------
1 0.196 1.71 0.0 0.0 41.0 0.0 0.0 launch -> present
2 0.305 2.13 0.0 0.0 41.0 0.0 0.0 launch -> present

The calibration coefficients for AVHRR thermal channels 3, 4, and 5 are
derived onboard the satellite using a view of a stable black body and deep
space as a reference (Kidwell, 1991). The calibration process converts raw
data values to energy (milliwatts/m**2-steradian-cm-1) using the following
formula:

E=a+bc
where:
E is energy,
a is the intercept,
b is the gain coefficient, and
c is the digital count.

Energy is converted to brightness temperature using the inverse of Planck's
radiation function. The brightness temperatures are represented in Kelvin
units. A scaling factor was used to convert the brightness temperatures to
byte data. A scaling factor of 202.5 is subtracted from the brightness
temperature value and the difference is multiplied by 2 to maintain one half
percent accuracy (i.e., a brightness temperature of 280 becomes 155).

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
The NDVI is the difference of near-infrared (channel 2) and visible
(channel 1) reflectance values normalized over the sum of channels 1 and 2
(NIR-VIS)/(NIR+VIS). The NDVI equation produces values in the range of -1.0
to 1.0, where increasing positive values indicate increasing green vegetation
and negative values indicate nonvegetated surface features such as water,
barren, ice, snow, or clouds. The NDVI can be derived at several points in
the processing flow. To retain the most precision, the NDVI is derived after
calibration of channels 1 and 2, prior to scaling to byte range. Computation
of the NDVI must precede geometric registration and resampling to maintain
precision in this calculation.

To scale the computed NDVI results to byte data range, the NDVI computed
value, which ranges from -1.0 to 1.0, is scaled to the range of 0 to 200,
where computed -1.0 equals 0, computed 0 equals 100, and computed 1.0 equals
200. As a result, NDVI values less than 100 now represent clouds, snow,
water, and other nonvegetative surfaces and values equal to or greater than
100 represent vegetative surfaces.


Date of Acquisition
The date of acquisition images are provided to allow a user to identify the
specific daily observation used for each pixel. The date images for each
composite identify each daily image as a unique value. The unique value is
linked to an inventory of the daily observations. A complete list of daily
observations used in each composite period is on this CD-ROM under the \GEOM
directory in file DATE.ATT.

Geometric Registration
The process of compositing daily observations for each biweekly period
required each daily overpass to be registered to a common map projection to
ensure that, from day to day, each 1-km pixel represented the same ground
location. The map projection chosen for the data is the Lambert Azimuthal
Equal Area. This projection is appropriate for the North American Continent
because of its visual presentation and equal area characteristic, which allows
easy measurement of area throughout the data set.

To perform the image-to-image registration of the data a base image was
developed as a reference. Tests have shown that the best way to prepare the
base image is to register individual daily orbits to an accurate base map.
The map base used is the hydrography layer of the U.S. Geological Survey
1:2,000,000-scale digital line graph (DLG). The features in the DLG data,
such as water bodies, rivers, and streams, are identifiable features in the
AVHRR 1-km data. The DLG data are rasterized to 1-km cells and registered to
the Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area projection before being used as the map base
for the data.

Approximately 20 near-nadir cloud-free segments of NOAA-11 channel 2 daily
observations from the 1989 and 1990 growing season are manually registered to
the DLG data. Each segment is verified for accuracy (root-mean-square error
less than 1 pixel). The segments are digitally mosaicked to produce a single
base image of the conterminous United States for registering the 1995 growing
season data. The accuracy of this base image is verified with a
root-mean-square error less than 1 pixel. Table 1 provides details on
projection parameters.

Table 2. Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area (LAZEA) projection
_______________________________________________________________
Parameters:
Radius of sphere 6,370,997.0 meters
Longitude of central meridian 100 00 00 West
Latitude of origin 45 00 00 North
False easting 0
False northing 0
Units of measure meters
Pixel size 1,000 meters
For the conterminous United States (1995)
Center of pixel (1,1) ( -2050000, 752000 )
Number of lines 2,889
Number of samples 4,587
LAZEA minimum bounding rectangle:
In projection meters:
Lower left ( -2050500, -2136500 )
Upper left ( -2050500, 752500 )
Upper right ( 2536500, 752500 )
Lower right ( 2536500, -2136500 )
In decimal degrees of longitude and latitude:
Lower left ( -119.9722899 23.5837576 )
Upper left ( -128.5300591 48.4030555 )
Upper right ( -65.3946489 46.7048989 )
Lower right ( -75.4163527 22.4793919 )

In degrees, minutes, and seconds of longitude and latitude:
Lower left ( -119 58 20 23 35 02 )
Upper left ( -128 31 48 48 24 11 )
Upper right ( -65 23 41 46 42 18 )
Lower right ( -75 24 59 22 28 46 )
________________________________________________________________
Each daily observation for the 1995 growing season is registered to the base
image using image-to-image correlation. To improve overall registration
accuracy, 150 samples are eliminated from each edge of the raw data image.
The 150 samples represent the most extreme off-nadir pixels and are often the
source of error in the image correlation process. Then, the channel 2 data
for each daily observation are transformed using the satellite orbit model.
Next, correlation of the original image to the reference image is performed
using a set of 255 selected ground control points. If most of the ground
control points are cloud covered in the daily observation, no correlation is
defined and the image is rejected. Otherwise, the correlation is determined
and the satellite transformation coefficients from the orbital model are
revised. Then the raw data (channels 1 - 5), NDVI, and satellite geometry
data are transformed using the revised coefficients and nearest neighbor
resampling.

Compositing
The method for determining the portion of each overpass to be included in the
composite image was to retain pixels having the highest NDVI values. The NDVI
was examined pixel by pixel for each overpass within the biweekly compositing
period to determine the maximum value.

The retention of the highest NDVI value reduces the number of
cloud-contaminated pixels because values for clouds and cloud shadows are
generally less than 100 (in the byte-scaled data) and clear day observations
of vegetated surfaces are equal to or greater than 100 (in the byte-scaled
data). The result is a near cloud-free image that depicts the maximum
vegetative greenness for the compositing period. No data are selected from
the portion of an observation where the solar zenith angle is greater than
eighty degrees. Angles greater than eighty degrees portray a view of the
terminator or of darkness and can provide erroneous data. This circumstance
will only occur in extreme northern latitudes in the winter.

The product of the compositing process was a 10-band image that included the
maximum NDVI value for each pixel during the composite period, the channels
1-5 and satellite viewing geometry data from the chosen daily observations,
and a pointer value that identified the satellite overpass from which that
pixel was taken. Table 2 lists the data included in each of the 10 bands.

Table 3. Band description of composite images
__________________________________________________________________
Band Description | Band Description
__________________________________________________________________

1 AVHRR channel 1 | 6 NDVI
2 AVHRR channel 2 | 7 Satellite zenith
3 AVHRR channel 3 | 8 Solar zenith
4 AVHRR channel 4 | 9 Relative azimuth
5 AVHRR channel 5 | 10 Date
__________________________________________________________________

The date of acquisition pointer is provided to allow a user to identify the
specific AVHRR daily observation (satellite scene number) used for each pixel.
To determine the date and scene number, first identify the date pointer value
for the pixel within a composite period, then use the reference table in file
DATE.ATT to determine the scene number.

Miscellaneous Data
When displaying large areas with AVHRR data, an overlay or mask of familiar
linework, such as county boundaries, can be used as a location aid. Several
images are included in the \MISC directory to provide location information.
All of the linework images represent lines in raster format as 1-km cells.
These data sets include climatic division boundaries (CDLINES), major land
resource areas boundaries (LRALINES), county boundaries (CTYLINES), and water
bodies (WATERMSK). The climatic division lines were digitized from NOAA base
maps. The county lines are a modified version of the 1:2,000,000-scale DLG
data. The major land resource area boundaries were digitized from the U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service (1981) maps.

The linework in the CDLINES and LRALINES images is coded at the byte value
255. In the CTYLINES image, the county boundaries identified by the coasts
and international borders are at value 253, the county borders that are
coincident with State borders are at value 254, and other county boundaries
are at value 255. This variable coding provides the capability to display
coastal, State, or county boundaries from the same image. The water bodies
image has two unique identifiers. Water has a 0 value and land has a value
of 1.

Also included are three raster polygon images that can be used in an overlay
process where histograms or descriptive statistics could be computed for the
NDVI values within a polygon. These images include counties (CTYPOLY), major
land resource areas (LRAPOLY), and climatic divisions (CDPOLY).

Each polygon is in raster format and has a unique numeric identifier. Images
that include more than 256 unique polygons are stored in I*2 integer (16 bit)
format.

The attribute information that identifies or characterizes each polygon is
included under the \MISC directory. The attributes for the major land
resource area polygons are in LRAPOLY.ATT. The fields in the file are

polyid -- the unique polygon identification number
mlra -- the major land resource area (MLRA) identification code used by
the Soil Conservation Service
lratext -- text description of the MLRA used by the Soil Conservation
Service

The unique polygon identification number for the climatic division polygons
can be parsed into the State and climatic division number within that State.
For example, climatic district one in Arizona is polygon number 401. The 4 is
the Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) State identification number
for Arizona, and the 01 identifies the polygon as division one. Climatic
district one in Oklahoma is polygon number 4001, where 40 is the FIPS State
code and 01 is division one.


The attributes for the county polygons are in CTYPOLY.ATT. The fields in the
file are

cntyid -- the unique polygon identification number
npixels -- the number of pixels in each county
FIPS -- the FIPS State and county code for each county
cname -- the county name
sname -- the State name

One of the standard products calculated from the conterminous U.S. AVHRR data
set is a statistical summary of the NDVI, by county, for each composite
period. The statistical summaries for all 1995 compositing periods are
available on the seventh disc. The statistical summary can be imported to a
spreadsheet and a graph can be created to show seasonal NDVI profiles. The
statistical summary is linked to the CTYPOLY image by the key attribute CNTYID
that is included in the CTYPOLY.ATT. This summary can be merged with the
CTYPOLY image for representation in image form.

The statistical summary for each composite period is stored in separate tables
with a standard naming convention (CNTYP01.DAT is the table for period 1,
CNTYP02.DAT for period 2, and so on). These tables are 80-character ASCII
files with the following attributes and format:

___________________________________________________________________________
Col # Fortran stmt. Description Definition
___________________________________________________________________________
1- 4 i4 CNTYID Unique identifier for
each county polygon
5-10 1x,i5 FIPS FIPS code
11-18 1x,f7.2 MEAN Mean NDVI (with clouds,
water, negative NDVI not
counted)
19-22 1x,i3 %USED The portion of all pixels
in county which are counted.
23-30 1x,f7.3 SD Standard deviation
31-34 1x,i3 MIN Minimum value in county
35-38 1x,i3 MAX Maximum value in county
39-46 1x,f7.2 MEDIAN Median value
47-50 1x,i3 MODE Mode value
51-54 1x,i3 PERIOD # Composite period number
___________________________________________________________________________

The NDVI statistics are calculated for each county after clouded pixels, water
bodies, and negative NDVI values (the 0 - 100 range of the scaled NDVI) are
masked out. The cloud screening is done independently (and is not applied to
image data on the CD-ROM) by using a threshold value of 240 for the sum of
channels 1 and 2 (values greater than 240 are considered clouds). The cloud-
screening technique includes an added indicator, the attribute %USED. The
attribute %USED represents the proportion of the pixels in a county (excluding
water bodies) that were counted in the computation. A low value in this
attribute can indicate cloud contamination.

Added to the miscellaneous image file was the surface water bodies mask.
These water bodies were separated using channel 2 from daily AVHRR scenes.
Cloud-free scenes were selected through a visual quality assessment of the
images. After a threshold between land and water values was identified, a
binary mask was computed and the water bodies data was added to a land
characteristic data base. Approximately 50 AVHRR scenes were used to create
the mask. Unique numeric identifiers were used in the raster formatted
polygons - water has the value of 0 and land has the value of 1.

Table 4. A list of miscellaneous image file characteristics
__________________________________________________________
Name Type Bands Lines Samples
__________________________________________________________
LRAPOLY I*2 1 2,889 4,587
LRALINES Byte 1 2,889 4,587
CDPOLY I*2 1 2,889 4,587
CDLINES Byte 1 2,889 4,587
CTYPOLY I*2 1 2,889 4,587
CTYLINES Byte 1 2,889 4,587
WATERMSK Byte 1 2,889 4,587
__________________________________________________________


CD-ROM ORGANIZATION

A large volume of data was generated during the construction of this data
base. The data stored on each CD-ROM required ten 6,250-bpi magnetic tapes.
The data are organized in a directory structure that logically separates the
data components. This structure is:

README.1ST
\AVHRR
README \LABELS \IMAGES
\NDVI
README \LABELS \IMAGES
\GEOM
README \LABELS \IMAGES
\MISC
README \LABELS \IMAGES
\DEMO
README
\SOFTWARE
README

Each directory on the disc contains data that are similar in type. Each
directory also contains an ASCII text file (README) that details the contents
of the directory.

The data files and LAS header files (files with name extensions .DDR) are in
the \IMAGES subdirectories, and the image label files are in the \LABELS
subdirectories. To get a quick start looking at the image files, label files
for each image are included in the \LABELS directory using the same file name
as the image file it describes in the \IMAGES subdirectory. These label files
were designed for use by the public domain MS-DOS personal computer IMDISP
image display software developed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in
Pasadena, California. IMDISP users can access the images on this CD-ROM by
selecting the image name in the \LABELS subdirectory, which automatically
accesses the header information required by the software to retrieve the image
data. The data dimensions of each band are 2,889 lines and 4,587 samples (13
megabytes).

The \AVHRR directory contains the five channels of AVHRR data associated with
the four biweekly composites on each CD-ROM. Each band of each biweekly
composite file is uniquely named using the convention
P01CH1.IMG
where P01 identifies composite period 1 and CH1 identifies the image as
channel 1. The daily observations on the seventh disc are named using the
same convention, with D01 referring to the first daily observation. The image
files are stored in the \IMAGES subdirectory.

The \NDVI directory contains the single band computed NDVI for the biweekly
AVHRR composite data sets and is named using the convention:
P01NDVI.IMG
where P01 identifies composite period 1 and NDVI identifies the image as a
vegetation index image. The seventh disc contains a December 2-week composite
period P25NDVI and some daily observation scenes. The image files are stored
in the \IMAGES subdirectory.

The \GEOM directory contains the satellite and solar zenith and relative
azimuth information for each pixel in the AVHRR composite images. This
directory also contains the date images for each of the composites, as well as
the DATE.ATT attribute file.

The \MISC directory contains the political (CTYLINES, CTYPOLY), climatic
divisions (CDLINES, CDPOLY), and land resource area (LRALINES, LRAPOLY) raster
line and polygon images, which are useful for display or in digital analysis
procedures. Attribute files related to these are included as files
CTYPOLY.ATT and LRAPOLY.ATT.

The \DEMO directory contains a batch job that runs under DOS and uses the
display program, IMDISP. This program displays images from the 1990
Conterminous U.S. AVHRR Biweekly Composites set. The display files are
compressed samples of these images. To initiate the demo program, enter
"DEMO" at the DOS prompt.

The \SOFTWARE directory contains programs to allow the PC-DOS user to display
and interact with the digital images on the CD's. These public domain
programs include

IMDISP - An image display program developed by NASA's Jet Propulsion
Laboratory. The most recent version is included on this disc. See
the IMDISP documentation file IMDISP.DOC, located in the \SOFTWARE
directory, and use the IMDISP help command for further details.

CONVERT - A conversion program included with IMDISP that allows the
conversion of a raster image to integer, byte, nibble, or binary
format.

COPIM - A copy program that allows copying all or portions of a raster
image and puts IMDISP compatible label records at the front of the
image.

COMBINE - A utility for combining two or more images as a single new image.
This utility has options to:

1. Combine up to three separate images into a single new
black-and-white image and also create a customized color
palette of up to 255 colors that, along with the new combined
image, allows a color simulation of a 3-band false color
composite image suitable for display on an 8-bit PC color
monitor; these colors are a very close approximation of how the
image would appear on a 24-bit color display.

2. Automatically "stretch" or brighten an existing palette.

3. Embed one image (such as raster
linework) within a second image.

The resultant images and palettes created by
the COMBINE utility are compatible with the
IMDISP display program. It takes approximately
4 minutes to process a 512 lines by 512
samples, 3-image false color composite when the
input and output images are on hard disk. To
run this utility type COMBINE and respond to
the prompts requesting the input image names,
output image name, and output palette name.

LL2LAM - Converts latitude and longitude coordinates to Lambert Azimuthal
Equal Area projection coordinates.

LAM2LL - Converts Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area projection coordinates to
latitude and longitude coordinates.

LL2LS - Converts latitude and longitude to line and sample coordinates in
the Conterminous U.S. AVHRR data set. This data set is in the
Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area projection.

LS2LL - Converts line and sample coordinates in the Conterminous U.S.
AVHRR data set to latitude and longitude.

There are no restrictions on making copies of IMDISP or any of the other
public domain programs for use on other PC's or with other raster images.

* NOTE: Prior to displaying any of the following images with IMDISP, the
command "SET SWAP" must be run to reset the display for 16-bit
integer data. This command must be run after the image has been
selected with the IMDISP "FILES" command.

CTYPOLY.LBL - County polygon data
CDPOLY.LBL - Climatic polygon data
LRAPOLY.LBL - LRA polygon data
DEM.LBL - Digital elevation data

For more information please contact Customer Services, EROS Data Center, U.S.
Geological Survey, Sioux Falls, SD 57198, (605)594-6151, FAX (605)594-6589.



REFERENCES

Ailts, B., Akkerman, D., Quirk, B., and Steinwand, D., 1990, LAS 5.0 -- an
image processing system for research and production environments:
American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing-American Congress
on Surveying and Mapping Annual Convention, Denver, Colorado,
March 18-23, 1990, Proceedings, v. 4, p. 1-12.

Eidenshink, J.C., 1992, The 1990 conterminous U.S. AVHRR data set:
Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, vol. 58, no. 6,
pp. 809-813.

Holben, B.N., 1986, Characteristics of maximum-value composite images from
temporal AVHRR data: The International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 7,
no. 11, p. 1417.

Holben, B.N., Kaufman, Y.J., and Kendall, J.D., 1990, NOAA-11 AVHRR visible
and near-IR in-flight calibration: The International Journal of Remote
Sensing, v. 11, no. 8, p. 1511.

Kidwell, K.B., 1991, NOAA Polar Orbiter Data Users' Guide: National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration, World Weather Building, Room 100,
Washington, D.C.

Price, John C., 1987, Calibration of satellite radiometers and the comparison
of vegetation indices: Remote Sensing of the Environment, v. 21, no.
15, pp. 15-27.

Rao, Nagaraja C. R., 1987, Pre-launch calibration of channels 1 and 2 of
Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer: NOAA Technical Report NESDIS
36, Satellite Research Laboratory, National Environmental Satellite,
Data, and Information Service, Washington, D.C., 62 p.

Teillet, P.M. and Holben, B.N., 1994, Towards Operational Radiometric
Calibration of NOAA AVHRR Imagery in the Visible and Near-Infrared
Channels, Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 20, no. 1, pp. 1-10.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, 1981, Land resource
regions and major land resource areas of the United States: Agricultural
Handbook 296, 156 p.



Acknowledgments

A number of individuals contributed to the successful completion of the AVHRR
Conterminous U.S. composite data, including various operations staff and
digital data production scientists. Jesslyn F. Brown and Richard A. McKinney
provided excellent technical reviews.



Jeffery C. Eidenshink

Mary C. Weinheimer

Michael E. Madigan


##############################################################
VIII. APPENDIX II - Pixel Date Attribute Table


PERIOD INDEX SCENEID Date GMT
------ ----- ---------------- ------- --------
1 1 ah14012095191800 01-20-95 19:18:00
2 ah14012095210124 01-20-95 21:01:24
3 ah14012195190713 01-21-95 19:07:13
4 ah14012195204957 01-21-95 20:49:57
5 ah14012395184557 01-23-95 18:45:57
6 ah14012395202736 01-23-95 20:27:36
7 ah14012495183529 01-24-95 18:35:29
8 ah14012495201628 01-24-95 20:16:28
9 ah14012595182501 01-25-95 18:25:01
10 ah14012595200519 01-25-95 20:05:19
11 ah14012695181435 01-26-95 18:14:35
12 ah14012695195428 01-26-95 19:54:28
101 ah14012795180409 01-27-95 18:04:09
102 ah14012795194323 01-27-95 19:43:23
103 ah14012795212842 01-27-95 21:28:42
104 ah14012895175345 01-28-95 17:53:45
105 ah14012895193234 01-28-95 19:32:34
106 ah14012995174337 01-29-95 17:43:37
107 ah14012995192145 01-29-95 19:21:45
108 ah14012995210528 01-29-95 21:05:28
109 ah14013095173315 01-30-95 17:33:15
110 ah14013095191058 01-30-95 19:10:58
111 ah14013095205400 01-30-95 20:54:00
112 ah14013195190027 01-31-95 19:00:27
113 ah14013195204234 01-31-95 20:42:34
114 ah14020195184941 02-01-95 18:49:41
115 ah14020195203124 02-01-95 20:31:24
116 ah14020295183912 02-02-95 18:39:12
117 ah14020295202015 02-02-95 20:20:15
2 1 ah14020395182844 02-03-95 18:28:44
2 ah14020395200907 02-03-95 20:09:07
3 ah14020495195815 02-04-95 19:58:15
4 ah14020595180752 02-05-95 18:07:52
5 ah14020595194709 02-05-95 19:47:09
6 ah14020595213246 02-05-95 21:32:46
7 ah14020695175727 02-06-95 17:57:27
8 ah14020695193619 02-06-95 19:36:19
9 ah14020695212101 02-06-95 21:21:01
10 ah14020795174704 02-07-95 17:47:04
11 ah14020795192531 02-07-95 19:25:31
12 ah14020795210931 02-07-95 21:09:31
13 ah14020895173657 02-08-95 17:36:57
14 ah14020895191443 02-08-95 19:14:43
15 ah14020895205803 02-08-95 20:58:03
16 ah14020995190356 02-09-95 19:03:56
17 ah14020995204637 02-09-95 20:46:37
101 ah14021095185321 02-10-95 18:53:21
102 ah14021095203521 02-10-95 20:35:21
103 ah14021195184251 02-11-95 18:42:51
104 ah14021195202356 02-11-95 20:23:56
105 ah14021295183207 02-12-95 18:32:07
106 ah14021295201303 02-12-95 20:13:03
107 ah14021395182140 02-13-95 18:21:40
108 ah14021395200155 02-13-95 20:01:55
109 ah14021495181113 02-14-95 18:11:13
110 ah14021495195048 02-14-95 19:50:48
111 ah14021495213644 02-14-95 21:36:44
112 ah14021595193959 02-15-95 19:39:59
113 ah14021595212458 02-15-95 21:24:58
114 ah14021695175039 02-16-95 17:50:39
115 ah14021695192909 02-16-95 19:29:09
116 ah14021695211313 02-16-95 21:13:13
3 1 ah14021795191821 02-17-95 19:18:21
2 ah14021795210145 02-17-95 21:01:45
3 ah14021895173009 02-18-95 17:30:09
4 ah14021895205017 02-18-95 20:50:17
5 ah14021995185702 02-19-95 18:57:02
6 ah14021995203905 02-19-95 20:39:05
7 ah14022095184616 02-20-95 18:46:16
8 ah14022095202755 02-20-95 20:27:55
9 ah14022195183547 02-21-95 18:35:47
10 ah14022195201646 02-21-95 20:16:46
11 ah14022295182519 02-22-95 18:25:19
12 ah14022295200538 02-22-95 20:05:38
13 ah14022395181452 02-23-95 18:14:52
14 ah14022395195446 02-23-95 19:54:46
15 ah14022395214100 02-23-95 21:41:00
101 ah14022495180426 02-24-95 18:04:26
102 ah14022495194340 02-24-95 19:43:40
103 ah14022495212858 02-24-95 21:28:58
104 ah14022595175402 02-25-95 17:54:02
105 ah14022595193250 02-25-95 19:32:50
106 ah14022595211713 02-25-95 21:17:13
107 ah14022695174353 02-26-95 17:43:53
108 ah14022695192201 02-26-95 19:22:01
109 ah14022695210544 02-26-95 21:05:44
110 ah14022895204249 02-28-95 20:42:49
112 ah14030195203137 03-01-95 20:31:37
113 ah14030295183925 03-02-95 18:39:25
114 ah14030295202027 03-02-95 20:20:27
4 1 ah14030395182857 03-03-95 18:28:57
2 ah14030395200918 03-03-95 20:09:18
3 ah14030495181829 03-04-95 18:18:29
4 ah14030495195826 03-04-95 19:58:26
5 ah14030595180803 03-05-95 18:08:03
6 ah14030595194720 03-05-95 19:47:20
7 ah14030595213256 03-05-95 21:32:56
8 ah14030695212110 03-06-95 21:21:10
9 ah14030795192540 03-07-95 19:25:40
10 ah14030795210925 03-07-95 21:09:25
11 ah14030895191452 03-08-95 19:14:52
12 ah14030895205812 03-08-95 20:58:12
13 ah14030995172659 03-09-95 17:26:59
14 ah14030995190419 03-09-95 19:04:19
15 ah14030995204644 03-09-95 20:46:44
101 ah14031095171654 03-10-95 17:16:54
102 ah14031095185333 03-10-95 18:53:33
103 ah14031095203533 03-10-95 20:35:33
104 ah14031195184302 03-11-95 18:43:02
105 ah14031195202407 03-11-95 20:24:07
106 ah14031295183218 03-12-95 18:32:18
107 ah14031295201313 03-12-95 20:13:13
108 ah14031395182150 03-13-95 18:21:50
109 ah14031395200205 03-13-95 20:02:05
110 ah14031495181123 03-14-95 18:11:23
111 ah14031495195058 03-14-95 19:50:58
112 ah14031595180113 03-15-95 18:01:13
113 ah14031595194008 03-15-95 19:40:08
114 ah14031595212507 03-15-95 21:25:07
115 ah14031695175049 03-16-95 17:50:49
116 ah14031695211322 03-16-95 21:13:22
5 1 ah14031795210153 03-17-95 21:01:53
2 ah14031895190741 03-18-95 19:07:41
3 ah14031995172011 03-19-95 17:20:11
4 ah14031995203912 03-19-95 20:39:12
5 ah14031795191829 03-17-95 19:18:29
6 ah14031895205024 03-18-95 20:50:24
7 ah14031995185709 03-19-95 18:57:09
8 ah14032095184623 03-20-95 18:46:23
9 ah14032395181457 03-23-95 18:14:57
10 ah14032195201651 03-21-95 20:16:51
11 ah14032095202801 03-20-95 20:28:01
12 ah14032195183553 03-21-95 18:35:53
13 ah14032295200543 03-22-95 20:05:43
14 ah14032295182525 03-22-95 18:25:25
101 ah14032695210547 03-26-95 21:05:47
102 ah14032795173350 03-27-95 17:33:50
103 ah14032795205419 03-27-95 20:54:19
104 ah14032495180431 03-24-95 18:04:31
105 ah14032595175422 03-25-95 17:54:22
106 ah14032495194344 03-24-95 19:43:44
107 ah14032895172344 03-28-95 17:23:44
108 ah14032995171337 03-29-95 17:13:37
109 ah14032895204252 03-28-95 20:42:52
110 ah14032895190045 03-28-95 19:00:45
111 ah14032995203139 03-29-95 20:31:39
112 ah14033095183927 03-30-95 18:39:27
6 1 ah14040195195827 04-01-95 19:58:27
2 ah14040195181831 04-01-95 18:18:31
3 ah14040295180804 04-02-95 18:08:04
4 ah14040295194721 04-02-95 19:47:21
5 ah14040395212110 04-03-95 21:21:10
6 ah14040695190418 04-06-95 19:04:18
7 ah14040495192540 04-04-95 19:25:40
8 ah14033195200919 03-31-95 20:09:19
9 ah14040595205755 04-05-95 20:57:55
10 ah14040495210925 04-04-95 21:09:25
11 ah14040595191451 04-05-95 19:14:51
12 ah14040695172658 04-06-95 17:26:58
13 ah14040295213257 04-02-95 21:32:57
101 ah14040795171653 04-07-95 17:16:53
102 ah14040795185331 04-07-95 18:53:31
103 ah14040895184300 04-08-95 18:43:00
104 ah14040895202405 04-08-95 20:24:05
105 ah14040795203516 04-07-95 20:35:16
106 ah14040995201310 04-09-95 20:13:10
107 ah14040995183230 04-09-95 18:32:30
108 ah14041095182147 04-10-95 18:21:47
109 ah14041195181119 04-11-95 18:11:19
110 ah14041395192913 04-13-95 19:29:13
111 ah14041195195054 04-11-95 19:50:54
7 1 ah14041495191823 04-14-95 19:18:23
2 ah14041595190735 04-15-95 19:07:35
3 ah14041695203906 04-16-95 20:39:06
4 ah14041695185703 04-16-95 18:57:03
5 ah14041795202754 04-17-95 20:27:54
6 ah14041795184617 04-17-95 18:46:17
7 ah14041895183547 04-18-95 18:35:47
8 ah14041895201644 04-18-95 20:16:44
9 ah14041995182519 04-19-95 18:25:19
10 ah14041995200536 04-19-95 20:05:36
11 ah14042095181451 04-20-95 18:14:51
12 ah14042095195428 04-20-95 19:54:28
101 ah14042195194337 04-21-95 19:43:37
102 ah14042195212854 04-21-95 21:28:54
103 ah14042295211708 04-22-95 21:17:08
104 ah14042395174350 04-23-95 17:43:50
105 ah14042395210523 04-23-95 21:05:23
106 ah14042495173342 04-24-95 17:33:42
107 ah14042495191108 04-24-95 19:11:08
108 ah14042495205409 04-24-95 20:54:09
109 ah14042595172336 04-25-95 17:23:36
110 ah14042595204242 04-25-95 20:42:42
111 ah14042595190036 04-25-95 19:00:36
112 ah14042695203129 04-26-95 20:31:29
113 ah14042695184948 04-26-95 18:49:48
114 ah14042795202018 04-27-95 20:20:18
8 1 ah14042895182848 04-28-95 18:28:48
2 ah14042895200909 04-28-95 20:09:09
4 al14043095194704 04-30-95 19:47:04
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12 ah14100395201245 10-03-95 20:12:45
13 ah14100495182155 10-04-95 18:21:55
14 ah14100495200150 10-04-95 20:01:50
15 ah14100495214820 10-04-95 21:48:20
16 ah14100595195041 10-05-95 19:50:41
17 ah14100595213601 10-05-95 21:36:01
101 ah14100695175815 10-06-95 17:58:15
102 ah14100695193607 10-06-95 19:36:07
103 ah14100695212412 10-06-95 21:24:12
104 ah14100795192857 10-07-95 19:28:57
105 ah14100795211240 10-07-95 21:12:40
106 ah14100895174023 10-08-95 17:40:23
107 ah14100895191806 10-08-95 19:18:06
108 ah14100895210109 10-08-95 21:01:09
109 ah14100995173014 10-09-95 17:30:14
110 ah14100995190732 10-09-95 19:07:32
111 ah14100995204954 10-09-95 20:49:54
112 ah14101095185643 10-10-95 18:56:43
113 ah14101095203826 10-10-95 20:38:26
114 ah14101195184611 10-11-95 18:46:11
115 ah14101195202713 10-11-95 20:27:13
116 ah14101295183215 10-12-95 18:32:15
117 ah14101295201225 10-12-95 20:12:25
20 1 ah14101395182452 10-13-95 18:24:52
2 ah14101395200505 10-13-95 20:05:05
3 ah14101495195017 10-14-95 19:50:17
4 ah14101595180410 10-15-95 18:04:10
5 ah14101595194302 10-15-95 19:43:02
6 ah14101595212743 10-15-95 21:27:43
4 ah14101595180410 10-15-95 18:04:10
7 ah14101695175343 10-16-95 17:53:43
8 ah14101695193210 10-16-95 19:32:10
9 ah14101695211611 10-16-95 21:16:11
10 ah14101795174038 10-17-95 17:40:38
11 ah14101795192118 10-17-95 19:21:18
12 ah14101795210439 10-17-95 21:04:39
13 ah14101895173323 10-18-95 17:33:23
14 ah14101895191028 10-18-95 19:10:28
15 ah14101895205308 10-18-95 20:53:08
16 ah14101995172317 10-19-95 17:23:17
17 ah14101995185956 10-19-95 18:59:56
18 ah14101995204156 10-19-95 20:41:56
101 ah14102095184923 10-20-95 18:49:23
102 ah14102095203028 10-20-95 20:30:28
103 ah14102195183836 10-21-95 18:38:36
104 ah14102195201931 10-21-95 20:19:31
105 ah14102295182805 10-22-95 18:28:05
106 ah14102295200820 10-22-95 20:08:20
107 ah14102395181736 10-23-95 18:17:36
108 ah14102395195711 10-23-95 19:57:11
109 ah14102395214306 10-23-95 21:43:06
110 ah14102495180424 10-24-95 18:04:24
111 ah14102495194617 10-24-95 19:46:17
112 ah14102495213116 10-24-95 21:31:16
113 ah14102595175656 10-25-95 17:56:56
114 ah14102595193525 10-25-95 19:35:25
115 ah14102595211929 10-25-95 21:19:29
116 ah14102695210757 10-26-95 21:07:57
117 ah14102695174630 10-26-95 17:46:30
118 ah14102695192053 10-26-95 19:20:53
21 1 ah14102795173343 10-27-95 17:33:43
2 ah14102795191005 10-27-95 19:10:05
3 ah14102795205626 10-27-95 20:56:26
4 ah14102895190309 10-28-95 19:03:09
5 ah14102895204512 10-28-95 20:45:12
6 ah14102995185221 10-29-95 18:52:21
7 ah14102995203358 10-29-95 20:33:58
8 ah14103095183812 10-30-95 18:38:12
9 ah14103095202246 10-30-95 20:22:46
10 ah14103195201135 10-31-95 20:11:35
11 ah14110195195644 11-01-95 19:56:44
12 ah14110195214653 11-01-95 21:46:53
13 ah14110295194931 11-02-95 19:49:31
14 ah14110295213448 11-02-95 21:34:48
101 ah14110395193455 11-03-95 19:34:55
102 ah14110395212300 11-03-95 21:23:00
103 ah14110495174940 11-04-95 17:49:40
104 ah14110495192746 11-04-95 19:27:46
105 ah14110595173634 11-05-95 17:36:34
106 ah14110595191309 11-05-95 19:13:09
107 ah14110595205956 11-05-95 20:59:56
108 ah14110695190235 11-06-95 19:02:35
109 ah14110695204826 11-06-95 20:48:26
110 ah14110795185532 11-07-95 18:55:32
111 ah14110795203713 11-07-95 20:37:13
112 ah14110895184457 11-08-95 18:44:57
114 ah14110995183426 11-09-95 18:34:26
115 ah14110995201105 11-09-95 20:11:05
22 1 ah14111095182355 11-10-95 18:23:55
2 ah14111095200003 11-10-95 20:00:03
3 ah14111095215021 11-10-95 21:50:21
4 ah14111195181041 11-11-95 18:10:41
5 ah14111195194906 11-11-95 19:49:06
6 ah14111195213816 11-11-95 21:38:16
7 ah14111295180257 11-12-95 18:02:57
8 ah14111295194147 11-12-95 19:41:47
9 ah14111295212626 11-12-95 21:26:26
10 ah14111395175230 11-13-95 17:52:30
11 ah14111395193054 11-13-95 19:30:54
12 ah14111395211438 11-13-95 21:14:38
13 ah14111495191623 11-14-95 19:16:23
14 ah14111495210306 11-14-95 21:03:06
15 ah14111595190930 11-15-95 19:09:30
16 ah14111595205153 11-15-95 20:51:53
17 ah14111695185505 11-16-95 18:55:05
18 ah14111695204024 11-16-95 20:40:24
101 ah14111795184425 11-17-95 18:44:25
102 ah14111795202910 11-17-95 20:29:10
103 ah14111895183416 11-18-95 18:34:16
104 ah14111895201758 11-18-95 20:17:58
105 ah14111995182649 11-19-95 18:26:49
106 ah14111995200702 11-19-95 20:07:02
107 ah14112095181635 11-20-95 18:16:35
108 ah14112095195553 11-20-95 19:55:53
109 ah14112095214146 11-20-95 21:41:46
110 ah14112195180318 11-21-95 18:03:18
111 ah14112195194122 11-21-95 19:41:22
112 ah14112195212941 11-21-95 21:29:41
113 ah14112295175538 11-22-95 17:55:38
114 ah14112295193405 11-22-95 19:34:05
115 ah14112295211807 11-22-95 21:18:07
116 ah14112395174527 11-23-95 17:45:27
117 ah14112395192313 11-23-95 19:23:13
118 ah14112395210635 11-23-95 21:06:35
23 1 ah14112495173517 11-24-95 17:35:17
2 ah14112495191238 11-24-95 19:12:38
3 ah14112495205504 11-24-95 20:55:04
4 ah14112595172508 11-25-95 17:25:08
5 ah14112595190148 11-25-95 19:01:48
6 ah14112595204349 11-25-95 20:43:49
7 ah14112695185115 11-26-95 18:51:15
8 ah14112695203235 11-26-95 20:32:35
9 ah14112795184027 11-27-95 18:40:27
10 ah14112795202123 11-27-95 20:21:23
11 ah14112895182956 11-28-95 18:29:56
12 ah14112895201012 11-28-95 20:10:12
13 ah14112995195900 11-29-95 19:59:00
14 ah14112995214511 11-29-95 21:45:11
15 ah14113095180856 11-30-95 18:08:56
16 ah14113095194806 11-30-95 19:48:06
17 ah14113095213306 11-30-95 21:33:06
101 ah14120195175843 12-01-95 17:58:43
102 ah14120195193713 12-01-95 19:37:13
103 ah14120195212117 12-01-95 21:21:17
104 ah14120295174816 12-02-95 17:48:16
105 ah14120295192621 12-02-95 19:26:21
106 ah14120295210944 12-02-95 21:09:44
107 ah14120395191530 12-03-95 19:15:30
108 ah14120395205813 12-03-95 20:58:13
109 ah14120495190455 12-04-95 19:04:55
110 ah14120495204658 12-04-95 20:46:58
111 ah14120595185034 12-05-95 18:50:34
112 ah14120595203544 12-05-95 20:35:44
113 ah14120695183959 12-06-95 18:39:59
114 ah14120695202429 12-06-95 20:24:29
115 ah14120795182958 12-07-95 18:29:58
116 ah14120795201317 12-07-95 20:13:17
24 1 ah14120895181938 12-08-95 18:19:38
2 ah14120895195836 12-08-95 19:58:36
3 ah14120995194738 12-09-95 19:47:38
4 ah14120995213629 12-09-95 21:36:29
5 ah14121095175847 12-10-95 17:58:47
6 ah14121095193634 12-10-95 19:36:34
7 ah14121095212439 12-10-95 21:24:39
8 ah14121195192924 12-11-95 19:29:24
9 ah14121195211305 12-11-95 21:13:05
10 ah14121295174343 12-12-95 17:43:43
11 ah14121295191832 12-12-95 19:18:32
12 ah14121295210133 12-12-95 21:01:33
13 ah14121395173057 12-13-95 17:30:57
14 ah14121395190758 12-13-95 19:07:58
15 ah14121395205004 12-13-95 20:50:04
16 ah14121495185708 12-14-95 18:57:08
17 ah14121495203849 12-14-95 20:38:49
101 ah14121595184635 12-15-95 18:46:35
102 ah14121595202736 12-15-95 20:27:36
103 ah14121695183602 12-16-95 18:36:02
104 ah14121795182531 12-17-95 18:25:31
105 ah14121795200527 12-17-95 20:05:27
106 ah14121895195044 12-18-95 19:50:44
107 ah14121895213952 12-18-95 21:39:52
108 ah14121995180150 12-19-95 18:01:50
109 ah14121995193950 12-19-95 19:39:50
110 ah14121995212802 12-19-95 21:28:02
111 ah14122095175419 12-20-95 17:54:19
112 ah14122095193229 12-20-95 19:32:29
113 ah14122095211613 12-20-95 21:16:13
114 ah14122195192136 12-21-95 19:21:36
115 ah14122195210440 12-21-95 21:04:40
25 1 ah14122295173344 12-22-95 17:33:44
2 ah14122295191103 12-22-95 19:11:03
3 ah14122295205326 12-22-95 20:53:26
4 ah14122395190013 12-23-95 19:00:13
5 ah14122395204156 12-23-95 20:41:56
6 ah14122495184939 12-24-95 18:49:39
7 ah14122495203043 12-24-95 20:30:43
8 ah14122595183907 12-25-95 18:39:07
9 ah14122595201930 12-25-95 20:19:30
10 ah14122695182820 12-26-95 18:28:20
11 ah14122695200834 12-26-95 20:08:34
12 ah14122795181803 12-27-95 18:18:03
13 ah14122795195722 12-27-95 19:57:22
14 ah14122795214315 12-27-95 21:43:15
15 ah14122895180734 12-28-95 18:07:34
16 ah14122895194627 12-28-95 19:46:27
17 ah14122895213124 12-28-95 21:31:24
101 ah14122995175706 12-29-95 17:57:06
102 ah14122995193533 12-29-95 19:35:33
103 ah14122995211936 12-29-95 21:19:36
104 ah14123095174654 12-30-95 17:46:54
105 ah14123095192441 12-30-95 19:24:41
106 ah14123095210802 12-30-95 21:08:02
107 ah14123195191350 12-31-95 19:13:50
108 ah14123195205631 12-31-95 20:56:31
109 ah14010196172634 01-01-96 17:26:34
110 ah14010196190314 01-01-96 19:03:14
111 ah14010196204515 01-01-96 20:45:15
112 ah14010296203401 01-02-96 20:34:01
113 ah14010396184152 01-03-96 18:41:52
114 ah14010396202248 01-03-96 20:22:48
115 ah14010496183120 01-04-96 18:31:20
116 ah14010496201136 01-04-96 20:11:36


##############################################################
IX. APPENDIX III - USGS EDC Thermal Bands (3,4,5) Correction Procedures

**** from file avhrrfix.txt *********

NOAA-14 AVHRR Thermal Calibration Post-Process Fix

I. Background

In May 1997, it was discovered that the non-linear radiance corrections for
NOAA-14 AVHRR channels 4 and 5, and the linear radiance correction for
channel 3 were being incorrectly applied in the AVHRR Data Acquisition
and Processing System (ADAPS), the processing system at the USGS EROS Data
Center. Channels 3, 4, and 5 of the dataset contained on this CD have post-
processing corrections applied to them. The following documentation gives
a detailed explanation of this correction.


II. The Source of the Problem

The Mercury-Cadmium-Telluride (HgCdTe) detectors of bands 4 and 5 display
a noted non-linear response to incident radiance. Prior to NOAA-14, a
non-linearity correction was applied as adjustments to temperature via an
interpolation table. Starting with NOAA-14, however, the corrections were
to be applied as a second order polynomial function of the "linear" radiance
determined from the two-point, on-board calibration. In a similar fashion,
a linear correction is applied to the Indium-Antimony (InSb) detector of
band 3. In updating the ADAPS source code for processing NOAA-14 data,
the polynomial was being applied to temperature rather than to radiance.

The AVHRR uses two targets, an internal blackbody and space, to generate a
calibration slope (gain) and intercept (offset) (see Kidwell, 1995). These
are then applied to the sensor counts of the ground target to estimate the
"linear" radiance,


Rlin = G*C + I (1)


where G and I are the gain and offset determined from the on-board
calibration, C is the 10-bit (0-1023) instrument measured counts, and Rlin
is the linear estimation of radiance (mW/m2-sr-cm-1).

This radiance is then converted to a brightness temperature using the inverse
of the Planck equation with the central wavenumber of the appropriate band
and temperature range.


C2*cwn
Tlin = ------------------ (2)
C1*cwn^3
ln( 1 + -------- )
Rlin


Where C1 and C2 are the first and second Planck constants (1.1910659e-5
mW/m^2-sr-cm^-4 and 1.438833cm-K, respectively), cwn is the central
wavenumber (cm-1) and Tlin is the resultant "linear" temperature (K).

The values for central wavenumber for each band and temperature range
are given in Table 2. The standard products generated by ADAPS use
the third range (270-310K).


+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Temperature | Channel 3 | Channel 4 | Channel 5 |
| Range (K) | (cm^-1) | (cm^-1) | (cm^-1) |
+==============+=============+=============+=============+
| 190 - 230 | 2638.652 | 928.2603 | 834.4496 |
| 230 - 270 | 2642.807 | 928.8284 | 834.8066 |
| 270 - 310 | 2645.899 | 929.3323 | 835.1647 |
| 290 - 330 | 2647.169 | 929.5878 | 835.3740 |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
Table 2 - NOAA-14 central wave numbers for AVHRR IR channels
(from Kidwell, 1995)



From here, prior to NOAA-14 a correction would be interpolated from a
look-up table so the brightness temperatures would be calculated as


T = Tlin + Tcorrection (3)


In the case of NOAA-14, however, the non-linear correction is applied as
a quadratic function of radiance:


R = A*Rlin + B*Rlin^2 + C (4)


where A, B and C are coefficients defined for each of bands 3, 4 and 5
(see Table 2). (Note: coefficient, B, for band 3 is zero making it a
linear correction). In ADAPS, the coefficients in Eqn. 4 were being
applied to Tlin rather than Rlin.


T = A*Tlin + B*Tlin^2 + C (5)



+---------------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Radiance Correction | Channel 3 | Channel 4 | Channel 5 |
+=====================+=============+=============+=============+
| Coefficient A | 1.00359 | 0.92378 | 0.96194 |
| Coefficient B | 0 | 0.0003822 | 0.0001742 |
| Coefficient C | -0.0031 | 3.72 | 2.00 |
+---------------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
Table 3 - Radiance correction coefficients for NOAA-14 AVHRR
IR channels (from Kidwell, 1995)



III. Post-process Correction

A method has been developed to remove this error and to re-apply them
correctly. Unfortunately, the method cannot retrieve the full range of
possible values . In the misapplication of the radiance corrections, it
is possible that some resulting values of brightness temperature erroneously
exceed the minimum or maximum value for the given processing scheme. When a
temperature is found to exceed either end of the range, it is clipped to the
minimum or maximum. For products processed using byte scaling, such as the
conterminous U.S. data set the allowable temperature range is 203-330K
(byte range, 1-255), whereas for the Global 1km data sets, the range is
160-340K (two-byte integer range, 10-1018). Table 1 shows the temperature
and corresponding data value at which clipping will occur for each band
and processing scheme.

It should be noted that the clipping in the low end of band three,
particularly in the global data, is not as severe as would appear from the
numbers in Table 1. Due to the coefficients applied for the radiance
correction in that band, radiances which correspond to temperatures below
210.5K get "corrected" to negative values which are not physically possible.
The correction polynomial sacrifices the extreme low end in order to better
fit the detector response at "normal" ground target temperatures. Therefore,
even though the values are being clipped, it is not possible to determine
brightness temperatures lower than 210.5K in band 3 anyway.



+---------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| | Min/Max | Band 3 Clip | Band 4 Clip | Band 5 Clip |
| Scaling | Temperature, K | Temperature, K | Temperature, K | Temperature, K |
| | (Data Value) | (Data Value) | (Data Value) | (Data Value) |
+=========+================+================+================+================+
| US | 203.0 | 216.0 | 206.0 | 204.0 |
| (byte) | (1) | (27) | (7) | (3) |
+---------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| | 330.0 | 329.0 | 313.0 | 322.5 |
| | (255) | (253) | (221) | (240) |
+---------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| Global | 160.0 | 211.2 | 180.0 | 168.7 |
| (i*2) | (10) | (297) | (122) | (59) |
+---------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| | 340.0 | 338.9 | 321.7 | 331.9 |
| | (1018) | (1012) | (916) | (973) |
+---------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
Table 1 - Temperature clipping values for NOAA-14 AVHRR Thermal Bands


To make the correction, the first step is to recover the "linear"
temperature by solving Eqn. 5 for Tlin. For bands 4 and 5 this means
solving the quadratic equation for the positive root.


-A + sqrt(A^2 - 4B(C-T))
Tlin = ------------------------- (6)
2B


or for band 3 simply solving


T - C
Tlin = ------- (7)
A


Next, restore the "linear" radiance via Planck's equation


C1*cwn^3
Rlin = -------------------- (8)
C2*cwn
exp( -------- ) - 1
Tlin


At this point, the radiance correction polynomial of Eqn. 4 is applied
followed by the inverse of the Planck equation (Eqn. 2) to determine a
brightness temperature. For further description of the thermal calibration
procedure for AVHRR, see Kidwell (1995).



IV. Post Process Correction Look-Up Tables

Included in this documentation are two files containing look-up tables which
can be used to apply the corrections outlined above. The files, us.lut (byte)
and global.lut (two-byte), consist of four columns. The first column lists
all the data values in the valid scaled range (see Table 4) for each data
type. Columns 2 through 4 list the corresponding corrected data values for
AVHRR channels 3 through 5 respectively. As an example, the following segment
has been extracted from the us.lut table:

---------------

130 127 112 122
131 128 113 123
132 129 114 124
133 130 115 125
134 131 116 126
135 132 117 127
136 133 117 128
137 134 118 129
138 135 119 130
139 137 120 131
140 138 121 131

---------------

So for example, to correct a data value of 136 in a byte image, one would
replace it with 133 in channel 3, 117 in channel 4 and 128 in channel 5.

In the US byte scaled products, a data value of zero should map to zero. In
the Global 1km products, bits zero through 9 are reserved for masks, etc. and
therefore no correction is necessary for these values (ie, they should be
left as is, 0-9).


V. Effect of the Error on Data

Included in this documentation are two PostScript files showing plots
which give examples of both the error due to an improperly calibrated image,
as well as the amount of data loss which can be expected. In the PostScript
files, global.ps and us.ps you will find plots for each of the three
affected bands for Global and US scaling respectively. Each plot shows
lines for "Incorrect", "Fixed" and "Correct" processing schemes.
"Incorrect" refers to data which has been processed with the misapplication
of the radiance correction as described above. "Fixed" refers to data
which has had the post process correction look-up tables applied, and
"Correct" refers to data which has had the radiance corrections applied
properly from the outset. The data for the plots were generated from
an arbitrary set of on-board calibrations; your results may vary
slightly.

There are a couple points to notice. First, the most significant errors
and clipping occur in channel 4 at high temperatures. It is suspected
that the reason the error has gone so long without being noticed is that
the primary use for thermal data processed by ADAPS might be in cloud
detection. The error is less significant at typical cloud brightness
temperatures and therefore has less of an impact for cloud temperatures
than for land or sea surface temperatures.

Also, aside from the clipping, notice that the "Fixed" data tracks
right with the "Correct" data. The only deviations are occasional
one-data value rounding errors. This means that for most applications,
"Fixed" data are as good as "Correct" data.

To determine whether the data can be fixed using look-up tables or
whether it needs to be reprocessed entirely, it will be useful to check
how much of the data lies at the minimum or maximum data value



VI. Conversion Between Data Value and Physical Units

All of the equations above (with the exception of Eqn. 1) operate entirely
on physical units rather than data values. The following equations are
used to convert between scaled (data value) and actual (physical value)
units.


scaled = actual*scale + offset (9)

actual = (scaled - offset)/scale (10)


where scale and offset are the values listed in Table 4 for each processing
scheme.

+-------------------+----------+----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Data Type | Scale | Offset | Actual Range | Scaled Range |
+===================+==========+==========+=================+=================+
| US (byte) | 2.0 | -405.0 | 203-330 | 1-255 |
| Global 1km (i*2) | 5.602 | -886.32 | 160-340 | 10-1018 |
+-------------------+----------+----------+-----------------+-----------------+
Table 4 - Conversion scale and offset coefficients for conversion between
actual and scaled data



VII. References

For a more thorough description of AVHRR calibration procedures see:

Kidwell, K.B., NOAA Polar Orbiter Data User's Guide, National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration, Washington, D.C., July 1995,
(http://www2.ncdc.noaa.gov/POD)

NOAA Technical Memorandum NESS 107, Appendix B: NOAA-XX coefficients


**** Correction LookUp-Table from file us.lut *********

1 1 7 3
2 1 8 4
3 1 9 5
4 1 9 6
5 1 10 7
6 1 11 8
7 1 12 9
8 1 12 9
9 1 13 10
10 1 14 11
11 1 15 12
12 1 15 13
13 1 16 14
14 1 17 15
15 1 18 16
16 1 18 17
17 1 19 18
18 1 20 19
19 1 21 19
20 1 22 20
21 1 22 21
22 1 23 22
23 1 24 23
24 1 25 24
25 1 25 25
26 1 26 26
27 1 27 27
28 3 28 28
29 5 29 29
30 7 29 29
31 9 30 30
32 12 31 31
33 14 32 32
34 15 33 33
35 17 33 34
36 19 34 35
37 21 35 36
38 22 36 37
39 24 37 38
40 26 37 39
41 27 38 39
42 29 39 40
43 30 40 41
44 32 41 42
45 33 41 43
46 35 42 44
47 36 43 45
48 37 44 46
49 39 45 47
50 40 45 48
51 41 46 49
52 43 47 50
53 44 48 51
54 45 49 51
55 46 49 52
56 48 50 53
57 49 51 54
58 50 52 55
59 51 53 56
60 53 54 57
61 54 54 58
62 55 55 59
63 56 56 60
64 57 57 61
65 58 58 62
66 60 58 63
67 61 59 63
68 62 60 64
69 63 61 65
70 64 62 66
71 65 63 67
72 66 63 68
73 68 64 69
74 69 65 70
75 70 66 71
76 71 67 72
77 72 68 73
78 73 68 74
79 74 69 75
80 75 70 75
81 76 71 76
82 77 72 77
83 79 73 78
84 80 73 79
85 81 74 80
86 82 75 81
87 83 76 82
88 84 77 83
89 85 78 84
90 86 78 85
91 87 79 86
92 88 80 87
93 89 81 88
94 90 82 88
95 91 83 89
96 92 83 90
97 93 84 91
98 94 85 92
99 95 86 93
100 97 87 94
101 98 88 95
102 99 89 96
103 100 89 97
104 101 90 98
105 102 91 99
106 103 92 100
107 104 93 101
108 105 94 102
109 106 94 102
110 107 95 103
111 108 96 104
112 109 97 105
113 110 98 106
114 111 99 107
115 112 100 108
116 113 100 109
117 114 101 110
118 115 102 111
119 116 103 112
120 117 104 113
121 118 105 114
122 119 106 115
123 120 106 116
124 121 107 116
125 122 108 117
126 123 109 118
127 124 110 119
128 125 111 120
129 126 111 121
130 127 112 122
131 128 113 123
132 129 114 124
133 130 115 125
134 131 116 126
135 132 117 127
136 133 117 128
137 134 118 129
138 135 119 130
139 137 120 131
140 138 121 131
141 139 122 132
142 140 123 133
143 141 123 134
144 142 124 135
145 143 125 136
146 144 126 137
147 145 127 138
148 146 128 139
149 147 129 140
150 148 129 141
151 149 130 142
152 150 131 143
153 151 132 144
154 152 133 145
155 153 134 146
156 154 135 146
157 155 135 147
158 156 136 148
159 157 137 149
160 158 138 150
161 159 139 151
162 160 140 152
163 161 141 153
164 162 142 154
165 163 142 155
166 164 143 156
167 165 144 157
168 166 145 158
169 167 146 159
170 168 147 160
171 169 148 161
172 170 148 162
173 171 149 162
174 172 150 163
175 173 151 164
176 174 152 165
177 175 153 166
178 176 154 167
179 177 154 168
180 178 155 169
181 179 156 170
182 180 157 171
183 181 158 172
184 182 159 173
185 183 160 174
186 184 161 175
187 185 161 176
188 186 162 177
189 187 163 178
190 188 164 178
191 189 165 179
192 190 166 180
193 191 167 181
194 192 167 182
195 193 168 183
196 194 169 184
197 195 170 185
198 196 171 186
199 197 172 187
200 198 173 188
201 199 174 189
202 200 174 190
203 201 175 191
204 202 176 192
205 203 177 193
206 204 178 194
207 205 179 194
208 206 180 195
209 207 181 196
210 208 181 197
211 209 182 198
212 210 183 199
213 211 184 200
214 212 185 201
215 213 186 202
216 214 187 203
217 215 188 204
218 216 188 205
219 217 189 206
220 218 190 207
221 219 191 208
222 220 192 209
223 221 193 210
224 222 194 211
225 223 195 212
226 224 195 212
227 225 196 213
228 226 197 214
229 227 198 215
230 228 199 216
231 229 200 217
232 230 201 218
233 231 202 219
234 232 202 220
235 233 203 221
236 234 204 222
237 235 205 223
238 236 206 224
239 237 207 225
240 238 208 226
241 239 209 227
242 240 209 228
243 241 210 229
244 242 211 229
245 243 212 230
246 244 213 231
247 245 214 232
248 246 215 233
249 247 216 234
250 248 216 235
251 249 217 236
252 250 218 237
253 251 219 238
254 252 220 239
255 253 221 240


#################### END DOC SECTION #########################

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