Sevilleta
National Wildlife Refuge, near Albuquerque, New Mexico
\log
05/14/98
- Date this file created. G. Shore.
10/30/01 - Added date/time fields to
APPENDIX II section. G. Shore.
\doc
##############################################################
DATA
SET CODE AND TITLE
SEV031 AVHRR Biweekly Composites (1997)
##############################################################
ABSTRACT
This dataset contains 26 separate 14-day
composited AVHRR
images for 1997 clipped approximatedly to the New Mexico
State
boundaries (plus 50 Km buffer around boundary). These were
obtained from the U.S.
Geological Survey's EROS Data Center (EDC),
National Mapping Division,
from the "CONTERMINOUS U.S. AVHRR BIWEEKLY
COMPOSITES" CD
product series.
##############################################################
KEYWORDS
SEV031
AVHRR Advanced_Very_High_Resolution_Radiometer NOAA Satellite_Imagery
Remote_Sensing USGS_EROS_Data_Center 1997
##############################################################
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
I. WHY THE DATA WERE
COLLECTED
II. WHEN THE DATA WERE
COLLECTED
III. WHO IS INVOLVED
WITH THE DATA
IV. WHERE TH DATA
WERE COLLECTED
V. HOW THE DATA
WERE COLLECTED AND PROCESSED BY THE USGS EDC
VI. HOW THE DATA WERE PROCESSED BY THE SEVILLETA IMS (SIMS)
VII. APPENDIX I - USGS EDC Metadata
VIII.
APPENDIX II - Pixel Date Attribute Table
##############################################################
I.
WHY THE DATA WERE COLLECTED
See the U.S. Geological Survey's EROS Data Center (EDC)
documentation
in APPENDIX I below.
##############################################################
II.
WHEN THE DATA WERE COLLECTED
Twenty-six 14-day composites for 1997.
See the U.S. Geological
Survey's EROS Data Center (EDC)
documentation in APPENDIX I below
for specific composite periods.
##############################################################
III.
WHO IS INVOLVED WITH THE DATA
SOURCE AGENCY CONTACTS:
See the U.S. Geological Survey's EROS Data
Center (EDC) documentation
in APPENDIX I below for USGS EDC
contacts.
LOCAL SEVILLETA LTER CONTACTS:
Primary contact:
Greg Shore, Sevilleta LTER
(gshore@sevilleta.unm.edu).
Principle investigators:
Bruce Milne, Sevilleta LTER
(bmilne@sevilleta.unm.edu)
GIS/GPS specialist:
Greg Shore, Sevilleta LTER
(gshore@sevilleta.unm.edu).
Data Management
Greg Shore, Sevilleta LTER
(gshore@sevilleta.unm.edu)
##############################################################
IV.
WHERE THE DATA WERE COLLECTED
The original biweekly composited images covered the
Conterminous
United States. However, the images were
clipped
to the approximate New Mexico State boundaries (plus 50 Km
buffer
around boundary) for online access purposes, while the full
U.S.
scenes are stored offline on tape.
The clipping coordinates were
selected to perform exact clipping,
so no resampling was required.
The approximate online (NM clipped)
boundaries are:
Latitude/Longitude,
decimal degrees (Clarke 1866 spheroid)
XMIN: -109.515170 YMIN 30.759247 XMAX -102.454601 YMAX
37.817184
Lambert
Azimuthal Equal-area (see EDC document for projection info)
XMIN:
-914000 YMIN -1529000 XMAX -216000 YMAX -795000
The source and the clipped images
are in the following map projection:
Lambert
Azimuthal Equal Area projection
Parameters:
Radius of sphere 6,370,997.0 meters
Longitude of central meridian 100 00 00 West
Latitude of origin 45 00 00 North
False easting 0
False northing
0
Units of measure meters
Pixel size 1,000 meters
Each clipped image has
735 rows and 699 columns, and has a cell size
of 1000 x 1000 m.
See the U.S. Geological Survey's EROS Data
Center (EDC) documentation
in APPENDIX I below for spatial extent, projection
information, etc.,
related to the full Conterminous US scenes.
##############################################################
V.
HOW THE DATA WERE COLLECTED AND PROCESSED BY THE USGS EDC
See the U.S. Geological Survey's EROS Data
Center (EDC)
documentation in APPENDIX I below.
##############################################################
VI.
HOW THE DATA WERE PROCESSED BY THE SEVILLETA IMS (SIMS)
The general SIMS processing steps for each
biweekly composite
period were to read the 10 image bands off the source
USGS-EDC CD,
concatenate/import them into a 10-band ERDAS Imagine format
image
file, georegister to the USGS-EDC specifications, clip the
scene
to the approximate New Mexico State boundaries, move the
clipped
scene to the online SIMS archive, and write the full scene to
offline tape.
The
band order in the archived scenes is:
1- NOAA CHANNEL 1
6- NDVI
2- NOAA
CHANNEL 2 7- SATELLITE
ZENITH
3- NOAA CHANNEL
3 8- SOLAR ZENITH
4- NOAA CHANNEL 4 9- RELATIVE AZIMUTH
5- NOAA CHANNEL 5 10- DATE
The bands are
described in detail in the U.S. Geological Survey's
EROS Data Center (EDC)
documentation in APPENDIX I below.
The
attribute data for the "DATE" band is found in
APPENDIX II below.
A more precise description of the processing
steps is as follows:
1. Mount AVHRR CD
2. Read the 10
bands of information off the CD for each biweekly composited
scene, concatenate the 10 bands into a
single file, then import as an
ERDAS Imagine 10-band image file (of size 2889 rows x 4587 cols).
This
process was
automated with the C-shell script:
/db/local/imagery/bincom/avhrr_import.csh
97
NOTE: this
generates 10-band ERDAS Imagine format files, that are of
image size 2889 rows x 4587
cols, with filenames as follows:
avhrr97pPP.img
where: PP = bi-weekly growth period number
and bands in following
order::
1- NOAA
CHANNEL 1 6- NDVI
2- NOAA CHANNEL 2 7- SATELLITE ZENITH
3- NOAA CHANNEL 3 8- SOLAR ZENITH
4- NOAA
CHANNEL 4 9- RELATIVE
AZIMUTH
5- NOAA
CHANNEL 5 10- DATE
3.
Georegister the scene as follows:
Bring up ERDAS Imagine GUI, then Tools->ImageInfo tool and do:
1. File->Open->avhrr97pPP.img
2. Edit->Change Map Model:
a. Upper Left X: -2050000
b. Upper Left Y: 752000
c. Pixel Size X: 1000
d. Pixel Size Y: 1000
e. Units: meters
f. Projection: Lambert Azimuthal
Equal-area
NOTE: click OK,
then answer "Yes" to changing Map Model in all layers.
3. Edit->Add/Change Projection:
a. Spheroid Name: Sphere of Radius
6370997m
b. Datum Name:
Undefined
c. Longitude of
center of projection: 100:00:00 W
d. Latitude of center of projection: 45:00:00 N
e. False easting: 0.0 meters
f. False northing: 0.0 meters
NOTE: click OK, then answer
"Yes" to changing Map Model in all layers.
4. Edit->Change Layer Name:
a. Change bands 1 - 5 to Channel_1,
Channel_2, ..., Channel_5,respectively
b. Change band 6 to NDVI
c. Change bands 7 - 10 to SATELLITE_ZENITH, SOLAR
ZENITH,
RELATIVE_AZIMUTH,
and DATE, respectively
4. Clip full-scene to New Mexico minimum
bounding box (+50 Km buffer) with
coordinates ULx = -914000, ULy = -795000, LRx = -216000, LRy =
-1529000,
and dimensions 735
rows x 699 columns. This process was
automated with
the C-shell scripts:
/db/local/imagery/bincom/batch_avhrr_clip2nm.csh, which calls:
/db/local/imagery/bincom/avhrr_clip2nm.csh avhrr97pPP.img
avhrr97pPPnm.img
NOTE: this generates 10-band ERDAS Imagine format files, that are
of
image size 735 rows x 699 cols, with filenames as
follows:
avhrr97pPPnm.img
5. Unix
compress the NM clipped image, make an archive directory, and move it
to the archive destination
(/db/archive/imagery/avhrr/avhrr97pPP/). This
process was automated with the C-shell scripts:
/db/local/imagery/bincom/avhrr_archive.csh
NOTE: this generates Unix compressed
files with filenames as follows:
avhrr97pPPnm.img.Z
6.
Compress (gzip) and archive the full scene image to 4mm DAT tape, then
remove from online disk:
gzip avhrr97pPP.img
mt -f /dev/rmt/0cn fsf <#>
tar cvf /dev/rmt/0cn
avhrr97pPP.img.gz
rm
avhrr97pPP.img.gz
7. Copy the most current yearly
"USGS-EDC-AVHRR Dataset README" file off CD for
inclusion in the online SIMS IAF metadata
file (avhrr97.dbf) for the images
(note, must also convert from DOS to Unix file):
dos2unix /cdrom/cdrom0/readme.1st
avhrr97readme.1st
8. Copy the "Date of Acquisition by
Pixel" attribute file off each CD, then
split by biweekly period for inclusion in GIS/RS Metadata
Abstract file
(avhrr97pPPnm.mda), and merge by year for inclusion in SIMS IAF
metadata
file (avhrr97.dbf).
This process was automated with the C-shell scripts:
dos2unix /cdrom/cdrom0/geom/date.att
avhrr97pPP-PPdate.att
/db/local/imagery/bincom/batch_avhrr_split_dateatt.csh, which
calls:
/db/local/imagery/bincom/avhrr_split_dateatt.csh
NOTE: must then copy the resulting
avhrr97pPPdate.att files to
respective archive area (/db/archive/imagery/avhrr/avhrr97pPP/)
/db/local/imagery/bincom/avhrr_concat_dates.csh 97 >
avhrr97date.att
9. Generate (this) SIMS IAF metadata file (i.e.,
avhrr97.dbf) using template
file
(avhrr_dbf.tmpl), appending readme (avhrr97readme.1st) and date
files (avhrr97date.att) in places specified
in the template file; make
links to this SIMS IAF metadata file in
each of the archive directories
(/db/archive/imagery/avhrr/avhrr97pPP/).
ln -s
/db/archive/imagery/avhrr/metadata/avhrr97.dbf \
/db/archive/imagery/avhrr/avhrr97pPP/avhrr97.dbf
10. Generate
GIS/RS Metadata Abstract file for each image, put with image in
appropriate directory
(/db/archive/imagery/avhrr/avhrr97pPP/), then make
links to them from master metadata
directory. This process was automated
with the C-shell scripts:
/db/local/imagery/bincom/get_avhrr_dates.csh 97 avhrr97.dbf
98 \
> avhrr97periods.txt
/db/local/imagery/bincom/batch_make_avhrr_abstract.csh avhrr97periods.txt
which calls:
/db/local/imagery/bincom/make_avhrr_abstract.csh
ln -s
/db/archive/imagery/avhrr/avhrr97pPP/avhrr97pPPnm.mda \
/db/archive/imagery/avhrr/metadata/avhrr97pPPnm.mda
11.
Install (or link to) WWW security files in each respective archive area
(/db/archive/imagery/avhrr/avhrr97pPP/).
12. Generate WWW
HTML data access code file (avhrr97pPP.html) and install in
respective archive areas
(/db/archive/imagery/avhrr/avhrr97pPP/).
This
process was
automated with the C-shell scripts:
/db/local/imagery/bincom/batch_make_avhrr_wwwaccess.csh
avhrr97periods.txt
which
calls:
/db/local/imagery/bincom/make_avhrr_wwwaccess.csh
13.
Generate WWW HTML table code; then insert it in the master HTML index
file for AVHRR imagery. This process was partially automated with
the
C-shell script (i.e., WWW
HTML table code generation):
/db/local/imagery/bincom/batch_make_avhrr_wwwtablerow.csh \
avhrr97periods.txt
\
>
avhrr97rows.html
14. Provide
"imageaccess" archive access by linking from the public access
area to each scene
(/db/archive/imagery/avhrr/avhrr97pPP/avhrr97pPPnm.img.Z)
and adding to list of available images.
This process was partially
automated with the C-shell script (i.e., list generation):
/db/local/imagery/bincom/make_avhrr_periods_list.csh avhrr97periods.txt
173\
| tail +5 \
>>
/db/archive/imagery/avhrr/metadata/avhrr_periods.txt
##############################################################
VII. APPENDIX I - USGS EDC Metadata
THE 1997 CONTERMINOUS U.S. AVHRR
BIWEEKLY COMPOSITES
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
Data Set Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Procedures
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Scene Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
Satellite and
Solar Viewing Geometry. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Radiometric Calibration . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
Normalized
Difference Vegetation Index. . . . . . . . . . . .
Date of Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
Geometric
Registration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Compositing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous
Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CD-ROM Organization. . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
THE 1997 CONTERMINOUS U.S.
AVHRR BIWEEKLY COMPOSITES
INTRODUCTION
In 1987, the U.S.
Geological Survey's EROS Data Center (EDC), in Sioux Falls,
South Dakota,
began receiving Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR)
data from
NOAA polar-orbiting satellites. The
central location of the EDC in
the United States enables direct reception
of all AVHRR overpasses of the
lower 48 States, as well as much of Canada
and Mexico. Early in the 1990
growing
season the EDC started acquiring NOAA-11 AVHRR 1-km resolution daily
observations
to produce weekly and biweekly maximum normalized difference
vegetation
index (NDVI) composites of the conterminous United States
(Eidenshink,
1992). The objective of the vegetation
mapping program is to
compile, annually, a comprehensive series of
calibrated, georegistered, daily
observations, and biweekly maximum NDVI
composites. These data are being
published
on CD-ROM for distribution of the data set.
These data sets can be
used in environmental monitoring and global
climate change studies.
The vegetation diversity of the conterminous
United States provides
opportunities for using both AVHRR data and the
NDVI for monitoring vegetation
condition in several different ecosystems,
including forests, agricultural
crops, and grasslands. The data set provides a comprehensive
growing season
profile of these ecosystems, is extremely useful for
assessing seasonal
variations in vegetation conditions, and provides a
foundation for studying
long-term changes resulting from human or natural
factors.
DATA SET CHARACTERISTICS
The data set
is composed of twenty-six 14-day maximum NDVI composites, created
from
nearly 400 NOAA-14 images. The 26 core
composite periods represent a
continuous period from January 03, 1997 to
January 1, 1998. The 1997 data
set
is available as a set of seven CD-ROM's. Each of the first six discs
has four
biweekly composites and miscellaneous data that are described
later in this file.
The seventh disc of the 1997 CD-ROM series contains a
biweekly composite, some
daily observation AVHRR scenes selected from key
periods during the 1997 growing
season, and NDVI statistics of all
counties in the conterminous United States
for each composite period.
Each daily observation includes nine bands of information: AVHRR
channels 1-5,
NDVI, satellite zenith, solar zenith, and relative
azimuth. The daily
observations
have been calibrated to reflectance, scaled to byte data, and
geometrically
registered to the Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area map projection.
Each
14-day composite includes 10 bands of information, the 9 bands described
above
for each daily observation and a 10th band, which is a pointer to
identify
the date of the source daily observation scene. The data for each
pixel in the composite are extracted from
the daily observation scene on the
basis of the maximum NDVI compositing
process.
The 14-day composite periods for 1997 were:
____________________________________________________
Period Date of coverage Julian day
____________________________________________________
1
01/03 - 01/16/1997 003
- 016
2 01/17 - 01/30/1997 017 - 030
3 01/31 - 02/13/1997 031 - 044
4 02/14 - 02/27/1997 045 - 058
5
02/28 - 03/13/1997 059
- 072
6 03/14 - 03/27/1997 073 - 086
7
03/28 - 04/10/1997 087
- 100
8 04/11 -
04/24/1997 101 - 114
9
04/25 - 05/08/1997 115
- 128
10 05/09 - 05/22/1997 129 - 142
11
05/23 - 06/05/1997 143
- 156
12 06/06 - 06/19/1997 157 - 170
13
06/20 - 07/03/1997 171
- 184
14 07/04 - 07/17/1997 185 - 198
15
07/18 - 07/31/1997 199
- 212
16 08/01 - 08/14/1997 213 - 226
17
08/15 - 08/28/1997 227
- 240
18 08/29 - 09/11/1997 241 - 254
19
09/12 - 09/25/1997 255
- 268
20 09/26 - 10/09/1997 269 - 282
21
10/10 - 10/23/1997 283
- 296
22 10/24 - 11/06/1997 297 - 310
23 11/07 - 11/20/1997 311 - 324
24
11/21 - 12/04/1997 325
- 338
25 12/05 - 12/18/1997 339 - 352
26
12/19 - 01/01/1998 353
- 001
____________________________________________________
The image
dimensions of each band are 2,889 lines and 4,587 samples (13
megabytes).
NOTE: Prior to the 1994 image
compositing the format of the Land Analysis
System (LAS) files contained a
512 byte header record followed by data blocked
into 512 byte segments for
each line. As a result the dimension
increased to
4,608 samples. The
LAS software package no longer has this criteria. Actual
image data is processed and reported as 2,889 lines
by 4,587 samples.
PROCEDURES
The sections that follow describe the data
processing flow that was used at
the EDC to create a composite data
set. All image processing was
conducted
using Land Analysis System (Ailts and others, 1990)
software.
Scene Selection
Cloud-free AVHRR observations of the
land surface are necessary for monitoring
the vegetation conditions. A single AVHRR overpass is seldom completely
cloud
free. Holben (1986) showed
that compositing AVHRR data acquired over several
days produces spatially
continuous cloud-free images over large areas with
sufficient temporal
resolution to study green vegetation dynamics.
The
duration of consecutive daily observations is called the
compositing period.
On a daily basis during a composite period, each
observation of NOAA-14 data
over the conterminous United States was
evaluated for cloud cover.
Typically,
there are two satellite overpasses per day, one over the
eastern portion of
North America and a second pass over the western part
of the continent. Every
image that
provided a clear observation of a large ground surface area at
reasonable
nadir viewing angles is included in the composite. On an average,
30 daily observations per biweekly period are
included in the composite.
Satellite and Solar Viewing
Geometry
The availability of the viewing geometry information allows
studies on the
effects of off-nadir viewing and the investigation of
potential data
correction techniques.
The solar zenith angle is used during the calibration
process to
correct the solar illumination variability along an orbit.
The
computation of the solar and satellite geometry is a process that derives
the
satellite zenith, solar zenith, and relative azimuth angle for each image
pixel. The relative azimuth is the absolute
difference between the satellite
and solar azimuth angles. The computed angles do not exceed 180
degrees. A
separate image band is
created for each of these three angle computations.
The satellite zenith angle is computed in degrees, in
which nadir is
represented as 90 degrees.
Therefore, values less than 90 degrees represent
view angles in the
back scattered (easterly) direction and values greater than
90 represent
the forward scatter (westerly) direction.
Note that the
effective field of view of the satellite is approximately
55 degrees each side
of nadir, but computed satellite zenith angles can
exceed 55 degrees because
of the curvature of the Earth.
The
relative azimuth angle is computed as the absolute difference between the
solar
azimuth and the satellite azimuth angles.
The computed values are in
the 0 - 180 range. The relative azimuth angle is computed
instead of separate
azimuth angles because only the absolute difference
between the azimuth angles
is required for atmospheric correction
algorithms. Also, saving only the
computed
relative azimuth angle requires only one band in a daily observation
and
composite image instead of two, which reduces the image storage
requirements
on CD-ROM.
Radiometric
Calibration
Radiometric calibration of the AVHRR visible and near-infrared
channels
(channels 1 and 2) is an important consideration because there is
poor
preflight calibration, no onboard calibration, and difficulty with
in-flight
calibration. Preflight
calibration coefficients can change while the
instrument is in storage, or
after launch, because of the space environment.
Degradation of AVHRR
sensors after launch has been well documented (Rao, 1987;
Price, 1987;
Holben and others, 1990). It was
determined shortly after launch
that the prelaunch coefficients provided
by NOAA were not useful. Changes
in
the response of Channel 1 after the launch were evident.
EDC's
ADAPS processing system converts raw digital counts c to percent
surface
reflectance R by
R =
(d*d/z)*kb(c-C),
where
d is the earth-sun distance in astronomical units,
z is the cosine of the solar zenith
angle,
k is 100 times the
inverse of the mean solar flux through the
bandpass, given in units of square meters microns per
watts
(the factor of 100
converts the reflectance to percent
reflectance),
b is the channel's gain coefficient in units of watts
per
square meter per
micron per digital count, and
C is the deep space digital count.
The inverse of the instrument gain coefficient and the deep
space digital
count are obtained from quadratic functions of time t,
which is specified
in units of days since launch:
1/b = a_2*t*t + a_1*t + a_0,
and
C = e_2*t*t + e_1*t + e_0.
A
look-up table gives the values of k and the quadratic coefficients
(a_0,
a_1, a_2; e_0, e_1, e_2) for each AVHRR sensor along with the
time period
over which these values are valid (Table 1 gives these values
for
NOAA-14). The values of the quadratic
coefficients are derived from
a variety of calibration studies (Teillet
and Holben, 1994).
Reflectance values for channels 1 and 2 were
converted to byte data, where
the range 0 - 254 represents 0 to 63.5
percent reflectance. The value
255
corresponds to reflectance greater than 63.5 percent. Any feature
with greater than 63 percent reflectance is
considered to be bright and
non-vegetative.
TABLE
1: NOAA-14's inverse mean solar fluxes and quadratic calibration
coefficients for the inverse
instrument gain coefficient and the
deep space digital count.
CHANNEL
k a_0 a_1
a_2 e_0 e_1
e_2 VALID TIME PERIOD
-------
----- ---- ---
--- ---- ---
--- -----------------
1
0.196 1.71 0.0
0.0 41.0 0.0
0.0 launch -> present
2
0.305 2.13 0.0
0.0 41.0 0.0
0.0 launch -> present
The
calibration coefficients for AVHRR thermal channels 3, 4, and 5 are
derived
onboard the satellite using a view of a stable black body and deep
space
as a reference (Kidwell, 1991). The
calibration process converts raw
data values to energy
(milliwatts/m**2-steradian-cm-1) using the following
formula:
E=a+bc
where:
E is energy,
a is the intercept,
b is the gain coefficient,
and
c is the digital
count.
Energy is converted to brightness temperature using the
inverse of Planck's
radiation function.
The brightness temperatures are represented in Kelvin
units. A scaling factor was used to convert the
brightness temperatures to
byte data.
A scaling factor of 202.5 is subtracted from the brightness
temperature
value and the difference is multiplied by 2 to maintain one half
percent
accuracy (i.e., a brightness temperature of 280 becomes 155).
Normalized Difference Vegetation
Index (NDVI)
The NDVI is the difference of near-infrared (channel 2) and
visible
(channel 1) reflectance values normalized over the sum of channels
1 and 2
(NIR-VIS)/(NIR+VIS). The
NDVI equation produces values in the range of -1.0
to 1.0, where
increasing positive values indicate increasing green vegetation
and
negative values indicate nonvegetated surface features such as water,
barren,
ice, snow, or clouds. The NDVI can be
derived at several points in
the processing flow. To retain the most precision, the NDVI is
derived after
calibration of channels 1 and 2, prior to scaling to byte
range. Computation
of the NDVI
must precede geometric registration and resampling to maintain
precision
in this calculation.
To
scale the computed NDVI results to byte data range, the NDVI computed
value,
which ranges from -1.0 to 1.0, is scaled to the range of 0 to 200,
where
computed -1.0 equals 0, computed 0 equals 100, and computed 1.0 equals
200. As a result, NDVI values less than 100 now
represent clouds, snow,
water, and other nonvegetative surfaces and values
equal to or greater than
100 represent vegetative surfaces.
Date of Acquisition
The
date of acquisition images are provided to allow a user to identify the
specific
daily observation used for each pixel.
The date images for each
composite identify each daily image as a
unique value. The unique value is
linked
to an inventory of the daily observations.
A complete list of daily
observations used in each composite period
is on this CD-ROM under the \GEOM
directory in file DATE.ATT.
Geometric
Registration
The process of compositing daily observations for each
biweekly period
required each daily overpass to be registered to a common
map projection to
ensure that, from day to day, each 1-km pixel
represented the same ground
location.
The map projection chosen for the data is the Lambert Azimuthal
Equal
Area. This projection is appropriate
for the North American Continent
because of its visual presentation and
equal area characteristic, which allows
easy measurement of area
throughout the data set.
To perform the image-to-image registration
of the data a base image was
developed as a reference. Tests have shown that the best way to
prepare the
base image is to register individual daily orbits to an
accurate base map.
The map base used is the hydrography layer of the U.S.
Geological Survey
1:2,000,000-scale digital line graph (DLG). The features in the DLG data,
such as
water bodies, rivers, and streams, are identifiable features in the
AVHRR
1-km data. The DLG data are rasterized
to 1-km cells and registered to
the Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area
projection before being used as the map base
for the data.
Approximately 20 near-nadir
cloud-free segments of NOAA-11 channel 2 daily
observations from the 1989
and 1990 growing season are manually registered to
the DLG data. Each segment is verified for accuracy
(root-mean-square error
less than 1 pixel). The segments are digitally mosaicked to produce a single
base
image of the conterminous United States for registering the 1997 growing
season
data. The accuracy of this base image
is verified with a
root-mean-square error less than 1 pixel. Table 1 provides details on
projection
parameters.
Table 2. Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area (LAZEA) projection
_______________________________________________________________
Parameters:
Radius of sphere 6,370,997.0 meters
Longitude of central meridian
100 00 00 West
Latitude
of origin 45 00 00
North
False easting 0
False northing
0
Units of measure meters
Pixel size 1,000 meters
For the conterminous United
States (1997)
Center of pixel
(1,1) ( -2050000, 752000 )
Number of lines
2,889
Number of
samples 4,587
LAZEA minimum bounding rectangle:
In projection meters:
Lower left ( -2050500, -2136500 )
Upper left ( -2050500,
752500 )
Upper
right ( 2536500,
752500 )
Lower
right ( 2536500, -2136500 )
In decimal degrees of longitude and
latitude:
Lower left ( -119.9722899
23.5837576 )
Upper left ( -128.5300591
48.4030555 )
Upper
right ( -65.3946489
46.7048989 )
Lower
right ( -75.4163527
22.4793919 )
In
degrees, minutes, and seconds of longitude and latitude:
Lower left ( -119 58 20
23 35 02 )
Upper
left ( -128 31
48 48 24 11 )
Upper right ( -65 23 41
46 42 18 )
Lower
right ( -75 24 59 22 28 46 )
________________________________________________________________
Each daily observation for the 1997 growing season is registered to the
base
image using image-to-image correlation. To improve overall registration
accuracy, 150 samples are
eliminated from each edge of the raw data image.
The 150 samples
represent the most extreme off-nadir pixels and are often the
source of
error in the image correlation process.
Then, the channel 2 data
for each daily observation are transformed
using the satellite orbit model.
Next, correlation of the original image
to the reference image is performed
using a set of 1000 selected ground
control points. If most of the
ground
control points are cloud covered in the daily observation, no
correlation is
defined and the image is rejected. Otherwise, the correlation is
determined
and the satellite transformation coefficients from the orbital
model are
revised. Then the raw
data (channels 1 - 5), NDVI, and satellite geometry
data are transformed
using the revised coefficients and nearest neighbor
resampling.
Compositing
The method for
determining the portion of each overpass to be included in the
composite
image was to retain pixels having the highest NDVI values. The NDVI
was examined pixel by pixel
for each overpass within the biweekly compositing
period to determine the
maximum value.
The retention of the highest NDVI value reduces the
number of
cloud-contaminated pixels because values for clouds and cloud
shadows are
generally less than 100 (in the byte-scaled data) and clear
day observations
of vegetated surfaces are equal to or greater than 100
(in the byte-scaled
data). The
result is a near cloud-free image that depicts the maximum
vegetative
greenness for the compositing period.
No data are selected from
the portion of an observation where the
solar zenith angle is greater than
eighty degrees. Angles greater than eighty degrees portray a
view of the
terminator or of darkness and can provide erroneous data. This circumstance
will only occur in
extreme northern latitudes in the winter.
The product of the
compositing process was a 10-band image that included the
maximum NDVI
value for each pixel during the composite period, the channels
1-5 and
satellite viewing geometry data from the chosen daily observations,
and a
pointer value that identified the satellite overpass from which that
pixel
was taken. Table 2 lists the data
included in each of the 10 bands.
Table 3. Band description of
composite images
__________________________________________________________________
Band
Description | Band
Description
__________________________________________________________________
1
AVHRR channel 1 | 6
NDVI
2 AVHRR channel 2 |
7 Satellite zenith
3 AVHRR channel 3 |
8 Solar zenith
4
AVHRR channel 4 | 9
Relative azimuth
5 AVHRR channel 5 |
10 Date
__________________________________________________________________
The
date of acquisition pointer is provided to allow a user to identify the
specific
AVHRR daily observation (satellite scene number) used for each pixel.
To
determine the date and scene number, first identify the date pointer
value
for the pixel within a composite period, then use the reference
table in file
DATE.ATT to determine the scene number.
Miscellaneous Data
When
displaying large areas with AVHRR data, an overlay or mask of familiar
linework,
such as county boundaries, can be used as a location aid. Several
images are included in the
\MISC directory to provide location information.
All of the linework
images represent lines in raster format as 1-km cells.
These data sets
include climatic division boundaries (CDLINES), major land
resource areas
boundaries (LRALINES), county boundaries (CTYLINES), and water
bodies
(WATERMSK). The climatic division lines
were digitized from NOAA base
maps.
The county lines are a modified version of the 1:2,000,000-scale
DLG
data. The major land resource
area boundaries were digitized from the U.S.
Department of Agriculture,
Soil Conservation Service (1981) maps.
The linework in the CDLINES
and LRALINES images is coded at the byte value
255. In the CTYLINES image, the county boundaries
identified by the coasts
and international borders are at value 253, the
county borders that are
coincident with State borders are at value 254,
and other county boundaries
are at value 255. This variable coding provides the capability to display
coastal,
State, or county boundaries from the same image. The water bodies
image has two unique identifiers. Water has a 0 value and land has a
value
of 1.
Also
included are three raster polygon images that can be used in an overlay
process
where histograms or descriptive statistics could be computed for the
NDVI
values within a polygon. These images
include counties (CTYPOLY), major
land resource areas (LRAPOLY), and
climatic divisions (CDPOLY).
Each
polygon is in raster format and has a unique numeric identifier. Images
that include more than 256
unique polygons are stored in I*2 integer (16 bit)
format.
The attribute information that
identifies or characterizes each polygon is
included under the \MISC
directory. The attributes for the major
land
resource area polygons are in LRAPOLY.ATT. The fields in the file are
polyid -- the unique polygon identification number
mlra -- the major land resource area
(MLRA) identification code used by
the Soil Conservation Service
lratext -- text description of the MLRA
used by the Soil Conservation
Service
The unique polygon identification
number for the climatic division polygons
can be parsed into the State and
climatic division number within that State.
For example, climatic
district one in Arizona is polygon number 401.
The 4 is
the Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) State
identification number
for Arizona, and the 01 identifies the polygon as
division one. Climatic
district
one in Oklahoma is polygon number 4001, where 40 is the FIPS State
code
and 01 is division one.
The attributes for the county polygons
are in CTYPOLY.ATT. The fields in
the
file are
cntyid
-- the unique polygon identification number
npixels -- the number of pixels in each county
FIPS -- the FIPS State and county code
for each county
cname -- the
county name
sname -- the
State name
One of the standard products calculated from the
conterminous U.S. AVHRR data
set is a statistical summary of the NDVI, by
county, for each composite
period.
The statistical summaries for all 1997 compositing periods are
available
on the seventh disc. The statistical
summary can be imported to a
spreadsheet and a graph can be created to
show seasonal NDVI profiles. The
statistical
summary is linked to the CTYPOLY image by the key attribute CNTYID
that is
included in the CTYPOLY.ATT. This
summary can be merged with the
CTYPOLY image for representation in image
form.
The statistical summary for each composite period is stored in
separate tables
with a standard naming convention (CNTYP01.DAT is the
table for period 1,
CNTYP02.DAT for period 2, and so on). These tables are 80-character ASCII
files
with the following attributes and format:
___________________________________________________________________________
Col #
Fortran stmt. Description Definition
___________________________________________________________________________
1- 4 i4
CNTYID Unique identifier
for
each county
polygon
5-10 1x,i5 FIPS
FIPS code
11-18 1x,f7.2 MEAN
Mean NDVI (with clouds,
water, negative NDVI
not
counted)
19-22
1x,i3 %USED The portion of all pixels
in county which are counted.
23-30 1x,f7.3 SD Standard deviation
31-34 1x,i3 MIN
Minimum value in county
35-38 1x,i3 MAX Maximum value in county
39-46
1x,f7.2 MEDIAN Median value
47-50
1x,i3 MODE Mode value
51-54
1x,i3 PERIOD # Composite period number
___________________________________________________________________________
The
NDVI statistics are calculated for each county after clouded pixels,
water
bodies, and negative NDVI values (the 0 - 100 range of the scaled
NDVI) are
masked out. The cloud
screening is done independently (and is not applied to
image data on the
CD-ROM) by using a threshold value of 240 for the sum of
channels 1 and 2
(values greater than 240 are considered clouds). The cloud-
screening technique includes an added indicator,
the attribute %USED. The
attribute
%USED represents the proportion of the pixels in a county (excluding
water
bodies) that were counted in the computation.
A low value in this
attribute can indicate cloud
contamination.
Added to the miscellaneous image file was the surface
water bodies mask.
These water bodies were separated using channel 2 from
daily AVHRR scenes.
Cloud-free scenes were selected through a visual
quality assessment of the
images.
After a threshold between land and water values was identified, a
binary
mask was computed and the water bodies data was added to a land
characteristic
data base. Approximately 50 AVHRR
scenes were used to create
the mask.
Unique numeric identifiers were used in the raster formatted
polygons
- water has the value of 0 and land has the value of 1.
Table
4. A list of miscellaneous image file
characteristics
__________________________________________________________
Name Type Bands
Lines Samples
__________________________________________________________
LRAPOLY I*2 1 2,889
4,587
LRALINES Byte 1 2,889
4,587
CDPOLY I*2 1 2,889
4,587
CDLINES Byte 1 2,889 4,587
CTYPOLY I*2 1 2,889 4,587
CTYLINES Byte 1 2,889 4,587
WATERMSK
Byte 1 2,889
4,587
__________________________________________________________
CD-ROM
ORGANIZATION
A large volume of data was generated during the
construction of this data
base.
The data stored on each CD-ROM required ten 6,250-bpi magnetic tapes.
The data are organized in a directory structure that logically separates
the
data components. This
structure is:
README.1ST
\AVHRR
README \LABELS \IMAGES
\NDVI
README
\LABELS \IMAGES
\GEOM
README \LABELS \IMAGES
\MISC
README \LABELS \IMAGES
\DEMO
README
\SOFTWARE
README
Each directory on
the disc contains data that are similar in type. Each
directory also contains an ASCII text file (README)
that details the contents
of the directory.
The data files and LAS header files (files with name
extensions .DDR) are in
the \IMAGES subdirectories, and the image label
files are in the \LABELS
subdirectories.
To get a quick start looking at the image files, label files
for
each image are included in the \LABELS directory using the same file name
as
the image file it describes in the \IMAGES subdirectory. These label files
were designed for use
by the public domain MS-DOS personal computer IMDISP
image display
software developed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in
Pasadena,
California. IMDISP users can access the
images on this CD-ROM by
selecting the image name in the \LABELS
subdirectory, which automatically
accesses the header information required
by the software to retrieve the image
data. The data dimensions of each band are 2,889 lines and 4,587
samples (13
megabytes).
The \AVHRR directory contains the five
channels of AVHRR data associated with
the four biweekly composites on
each CD-ROM. Each band of each
biweekly
composite file is uniquely named using the convention
P01CH1.IMG
where P01
identifies composite period 1 and CH1 identifies the image as
channel
1. The daily observations on the
seventh disc are named using the
same convention, with D01 referring to
the first daily observation. The
image
files are stored in the \IMAGES subdirectory.
The \NDVI directory contains the
single band computed NDVI for the biweekly
AVHRR composite data sets and
is named using the convention:
P01NDVI.IMG
where P01 identifies composite period 1 and NDVI
identifies the image as a
vegetation index image. The seventh disc contains a December 2-week
composite
period P25NDVI and some daily observation scenes. The image files are stored
in the
\IMAGES subdirectory.
The \GEOM directory contains the satellite and
solar zenith and relative
azimuth information for each pixel in the AVHRR
composite images. This
directory
also contains the date images for each of the composites, as well as
the
DATE.ATT attribute file.
The \MISC directory contains the political
(CTYLINES, CTYPOLY), climatic
divisions (CDLINES, CDPOLY), and land
resource area (LRALINES, LRAPOLY) raster
line and polygon images, which
are useful for display or in digital analysis
procedures. Attribute files related to these are
included as files
CTYPOLY.ATT and LRAPOLY.ATT.
The \DEMO
directory contains a batch job that runs under DOS and uses the
display
program, IMDISP. This program displays
images from the 1990
Conterminous U.S.
AVHRR Biweekly Composites set.
The display files are
compressed samples of these images. To initiate the demo program, enter
"DEMO"
at the DOS prompt.
The
\SOFTWARE directory contains programs to allow the PC-DOS user to display
and
interact with the digital images on the CD's.
These public domain
programs include
IMDISP -
An image display program developed by NASA's Jet Propulsion
Laboratory. The most recent version is included on this
disc. See
the IMDISP documentation file IMDISP.DOC, located in the
\SOFTWARE
directory,
and use the IMDISP help command for further details.
CONVERT - A
conversion program included with IMDISP that allows the
conversion of a raster image to
integer, byte, nibble, or binary
format.
COPIM - A copy program that
allows copying all or portions of a raster
image and puts IMDISP compatible label records at the
front of the
image.
COMBINE - A utility for combining two or more images
as a single new image.
This utility has options to:
1. Combine up to three separate images into a single
new
black-and-white
image and also create a customized color
palette of up to 255 colors that, along with the new
combined
image, allows
a color simulation of a 3-band false color
composite image suitable for display on an 8-bit PC
color
monitor; these
colors are a very close approximation of how the
image would appear on a 24-bit
color display.
2.
Automatically "stretch" or brighten an existing palette.
3. Embed one image (such as
raster
linework) within
a second image.
The resultant images and palettes
created by
the COMBINE
utility are compatible with the
IMDISP display program. It takes
approximately
4 minutes to
process a 512 lines by 512
samples, 3-image false color composite when the
input and output images are on hard
disk. To
run this utility type COMBINE and
respond to
the prompts
requesting the input image names,
output image name, and output palette name.
LL2LAM -
Converts latitude and longitude coordinates to Lambert Azimuthal
Equal Area projection
coordinates.
LAM2LL - Converts Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area
projection coordinates to
latitude and longitude coordinates.
LL2LS - Converts latitude and longitude to line and
sample coordinates in
the Conterminous U.S. AVHRR data
set. This data set is in the
Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area
projection.
LS2LL - Converts line and sample coordinates in
the Conterminous U.S.
AVHRR data set to latitude and
longitude.
There are no
restrictions on making copies of IMDISP or any of the other
public domain
programs for use on other PC's or with other raster images.
*
NOTE: Prior to displaying any of the
following images with IMDISP, the
command "SET SWAP" must be run to reset the display for
16-bit
integer data. This command must be run after the image has
been
selected with the
IMDISP "FILES" command.
CTYPOLY.LBL - County polygon data
CDPOLY.LBL
- Climatic polygon data
LRAPOLY.LBL - LRA polygon data
DEM.LBL
- Digital elevation data
For more information please contact Customer Services, EROS
Data Center, U.S.
Geological Survey, Sioux Falls, SD 57198, (605)594-6151,
FAX (605)594-6589.
REFERENCES
Ailts, B.,
Akkerman, D., Quirk, B., and Steinwand, D., 1990, LAS 5.0 -- an
image processing system for research and
production environments:
American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing-American
Congress
on Surveying and
Mapping Annual Convention, Denver, Colorado,
March 18-23, 1990, Proceedings, v. 4, p. 1-12.
Eidenshink,
J.C., 1992, The 1990 conterminous U.S. AVHRR data set:
Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, vol. 58, no.
6,
pp. 809-813.
Holben,
B.N., 1986, Characteristics of maximum-value composite images from
temporal AVHRR data: The International Journal of Remote Sensing, v.
7,
no. 11, p. 1417.
Holben,
B.N., Kaufman, Y.J., and Kendall, J.D., 1990, NOAA-11 AVHRR visible
and near-IR in-flight calibration: The
International Journal of Remote
Sensing, v. 11, no. 8, p. 1511.
Kidwell, K.B., 1991, NOAA
Polar Orbiter Data Users' Guide: National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration, World
Weather Building, Room 100,
Washington, D.C.
Price, John C., 1987, Calibration of satellite
radiometers and the comparison
of vegetation indices: Remote
Sensing of the Environment, v. 21, no.
15, pp. 15-27.
Rao, Nagaraja C. R., 1987,
Pre-launch calibration of channels 1 and 2 of
Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer: NOAA Technical Report NESDIS
36, Satellite Research Laboratory,
National Environmental Satellite,
Data, and Information Service, Washington, D.C., 62 p.
Teillet,
P.M. and Holben, B.N., 1994, Towards Operational Radiometric
Calibration of NOAA AVHRR Imagery in the Visible and
Near-Infrared
Channels, Canadian Journal of Remote
Sensing, v. 20, no. 1, pp. 1-10.
U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Soil Conservation Service, 1981, Land resource
regions and major land resource areas of the United States:
Agricultural
Handbook 296,
156 p.
Acknowledgments
A number
of individuals contributed to the successful completion of the AVHRR
Conterminous
U.S. composite data, including various operations staff and
digital data
production scientists. Jesslyn F. Brown
and Richard A. McKinney
provided excellent technical reviews.
Jeffery C.
Eidenshink
Mary C. Weinheimer
Michael E.
Madigan
##############################################################
VIII.
APPENDIX II - Pixel Date Attribute Table
PERIOD
INDEX SCENEID Date GMT
------
----- ---------------- -------
--------
1 1
ah14010397192416 01-03-97 19:24:16
2
ah14010397210621 01-03-97 21:06:21
3
ah14010497191322 01-04-97 19:13:22
4
ah14010497205501 01-04-97 20:55:01
5 ah14010597190318 01-05-97
19:03:18
6 ah14010597204343 01-05-97 20:43:43
7 ah14010697185207
01-06-97 18:52:07
8 ah14010697202827
01-06-97 20:28:27
9 ah14010797184131
01-07-97 18:41:31
10
ah14010797202124 01-07-97 20:21:24
11
ah14010897183056 01-08-97 18:30:56
12
ah14010897215527 01-08-97 21:55:27
13
ah14010997214333 01-09-97 21:43:33
101
ah14011097194421 01-10-97 19:44:21
102
ah14011197193716 01-11-97 19:37:16
103
ah14011197212017 01-11-97 21:20:17
104
ah14011297174935 01-12-97 17:49:35
105
ah14011297192636 01-12-97 19:26:36
106
ah14011297210842 01-12-97 21:08:42
107
ah14011497190430 01-14-97 19:04:30
108
ah14011497204210 01-14-97 20:42:10
109
ah14011597185426 01-15-97 18:54:26
110
ah14011597203446 01-15-97 20:34:46
111 ah14011697184348 01-16-97
18:43:48
112 ah14011697202344 01-16-97 20:23:44
2
1 ah14011797183313 01-17-97
18:33:13
2 ah14011797201229 01-17-97 20:12:29
3 ah14011797215803
01-17-97 21:58:03
4
ah14011897182240 01-18-97 18:22:40
5
ah14011897200129 01-18-97 20:01:29
6
ah14011897214608 01-18-97 21:46:08
7
ah14011997181222 01-19-97 18:12:22
8
ah14011997195031 01-19-97 19:50:31
9
ah14011997213415 01-19-97 21:34:15
10
ah14012097193934 01-20-97 19:39:34
11
ah14012097212237 01-20-97 21:22:37
12
ah14012197175136 01-21-97 17:51:36
13
ah14012297191759 01-22-97 19:17:59
14
ah14012297205941 01-22-97 20:59:41
15
ah14012397190720 01-23-97 19:07:20
16
ah14012397204822 01-23-97 20:48:22
101
ah14012497185641 01-24-97 18:56:41
102 ah14012497203653 01-24-97
20:36:53
103 ah14012597184605 01-25-97 18:46:05
104 ah14012597202602
01-25-97 20:26:02
105 ah14012697183529
01-26-97 18:35:29
106 ah14012697201446
01-26-97 20:14:46
107
ah14012797200347 01-27-97 20:03:47
108
ah14012797214827 01-27-97 21:48:27
109
ah14012897181422 01-28-97 18:14:22
110
ah14012897195248 01-28-97 19:52:48
111
ah14012897213648 01-28-97 21:36:48
112
ah14012997180406 01-29-97 18:04:06
113
ah14012997212510 01-29-97 21:25:10
114
ah14013097175350 01-30-97 17:53:50
115
ah14013097193109 01-30-97 19:31:09
116
ah14013097211334 01-30-97 21:13:34
3 1 ah14013197192014 01-31-97 19:20:14
2 ah14013197210213
01-31-97 21:02:13
4 ah14020197205040
02-01-97 20:50:40
5 ah14020297185842
02-02-97 18:58:42
6
ah14020297203936 02-02-97
20:39:36
7 ah14020397184758 02-03-97 18:47:58
8 ah14020397202819
02-03-97 20:28:19
9 ah14020497183729
02-04-97 18:37:29
10 ah14020497201703
02-04-97 20:17:03
11 ah14020597182710 02-05-97
18:27:10
12 ah14020597200603 02-05-97 20:06:03
13 ah14020597215100
02-05-97 21:51:00
14 ah14020697181636
02-06-97 18:16:36
15 ah14020697195504 02-06-97 19:55:04
16
ah14020697213905 02-06-97 21:39:05
101
ah14020797194406 02-07-97 19:44:06
102
ah14020797212727 02-07-97 21:27:27
103
ah14020897175605 02-08-97 17:56:05
104 ah14020897193311 02-08-97
19:33:11
105 ah14020897211552 02-08-97 21:15:52
106 ah14020997174551
02-09-97 17:45:51
107 ah14020997192230
02-09-97 19:22:30
108 ah14020997210431
02-09-97 21:04:31
109 ah14021097191151
02-10-97 19:11:51
110 ah14021097205311
02-10-97 20:53:11
111 ah14021197190058
02-11-97 19:00:58
112 ah14021197204153
02-11-97 20:41:53
113 ah14021297185021
02-12-97 18:50:21
114 ah14021397184012
02-13-97 18:40:12
115 ah14021397201920
02-13-97 20:19:20
4
1 ah14021497182910 02-14-97
18:29:10
2 ah14021497200819 02-14-97 20:08:19
4 ah14021597195321 02-15-97 19:53:21
5
ah14021597214125 02-15-97 21:41:25
6
ah14021697180821 02-16-97 18:08:21
7
ah14021697194242 02-16-97 19:42:42
8
ah14021797193527 02-17-97 19:35:27
9 ah14021797211810 02-17-97
21:18:10
10 ah14021897192447 02-18-97 19:24:47
11 ah14021897210649
02-18-97 21:06:49
12 ah14021997191352
02-19-97 19:13:52
13 ah14021997205529
02-19-97 20:55:29
14 ah14022097190314
02-20-97 19:03:14
15 ah14022097204411
02-20-97 20:44:11
101 ah14022197185237
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#################### END DOC SECTION
#########################
\header
\data