Sevilleta
National Wildlife Refuge, near Albuquerque, New Mexico
\log
05/19/00
- Date this file created. G. Shore.
11/06/00 - Removed last column in
date/time index attribute table due
to
confusion with date of acquisition attribute values. G.S.
10/30/01 - Added
date/time fields to APPENDIX II section. G. Shore.
\doc
##############################################################
DATA
SET CODE AND TITLE
SEV031 AVHRR Biweekly Composites (1999)
##############################################################
ABSTRACT
This dataset contains 26 separate 14-day
composited AVHRR
images for 1999 clipped approximatedly to the New Mexico
State
boundaries (plus 50 Km buffer around boundary). These were
obtained from the U.S.
Geological Survey's EROS Data Center (EDC),
National Mapping Division,
from the "CONTERMINOUS U.S. AVHRR BIWEEKLY
COMPOSITES" CD
product series.
##############################################################
KEYWORDS
SEV031
AVHRR Advanced_Very_High_Resolution_Radiometer NOAA Satellite_Imagery
Remote_Sensing USGS_EROS_Data_Center 1999
##############################################################
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
I. WHY THE DATA WERE
COLLECTED
II. WHEN THE DATA WERE
COLLECTED
III. WHO IS INVOLVED
WITH THE DATA
IV. WHERE TH DATA
WERE COLLECTED
V. HOW THE DATA
WERE COLLECTED AND PROCESSED BY THE USGS EDC
VI. HOW THE DATA WERE PROCESSED BY THE SEVILLETA IMS (SIMS)
VII. APPENDIX I - USGS EDC Metadata
VIII.
APPENDIX II - Pixel Date Attribute Table
##############################################################
I.
WHY THE DATA WERE COLLECTED
See the U.S. Geological Survey's EROS Data Center (EDC)
documentation
in APPENDIX I below.
##############################################################
II.
WHEN THE DATA WERE COLLECTED
Twenty-six 14-day composites for 1999.
See the U.S. Geological
Survey's EROS Data Center (EDC)
documentation in APPENDIX I below
for specific composite periods.
##############################################################
III.
WHO IS INVOLVED WITH THE DATA
SOURCE AGENCY CONTACTS:
See the U.S. Geological Survey's EROS Data
Center (EDC) documentation
in APPENDIX I below for USGS EDC
contacts.
LOCAL SEVILLETA LTER CONTACTS:
Primary contact:
Greg Shore, Sevilleta LTER
(gshore@sevilleta.unm.edu).
Principle investigators:
Bruce Milne, Sevilleta LTER (bmilne@sevilleta.unm.edu)
GIS/GPS
specialist:
Greg Shore,
Sevilleta LTER (gshore@sevilleta.unm.edu).
Data Management
Greg Shore, Sevilleta LTER
(gshore@sevilleta.unm.edu)
##############################################################
IV.
WHERE THE DATA WERE COLLECTED
The original biweekly composited images covered the
Conterminous
United States. However, the images were
clipped
to the approximate New Mexico State boundaries (plus 50 Km
buffer
around boundary) for online access purposes, while the full
U.S.
scenes are stored offline on tape.
The clipping coordinates were
selected to perform exact clipping,
so no resampling was required.
The approximate online (NM clipped)
boundaries are:
Latitude/Longitude,
decimal degrees (Clarke 1866 spheroid)
XMIN: -109.515170 YMIN 30.759247 XMAX -102.454601 YMAX
37.817184
Lambert
Azimuthal Equal-area (see EDC document for projection info)
XMIN:
-914000 YMIN -1529000 XMAX -216000 YMAX -795000
The source and the clipped images
are in the following map projection:
Lambert
Azimuthal Equal Area projection
Parameters:
Radius of sphere 6,370,997.0 meters
Longitude of central meridian 100 00 00 West
Latitude of origin 45 00 00 North
False easting 0
False northing
0
Units of measure meters
Pixel size 1,000 meters
Each clipped image has
735 rows and 699 columns, and has a cell size
of 1000 x 1000 m.
See the U.S. Geological Survey's EROS Data
Center (EDC) documentation
in APPENDIX I below for spatial extent,
projection information, etc.,
related to the full Conterminous US
scenes.
##############################################################
V.
HOW THE DATA WERE COLLECTED AND PROCESSED BY THE USGS EDC
See the U.S. Geological Survey's EROS Data
Center (EDC)
documentation in APPENDIX I below.
##############################################################
VI.
HOW THE DATA WERE PROCESSED BY THE SEVILLETA IMS (SIMS)
The general SIMS processing steps for each
biweekly composite
period were to read the 10 image bands off the source
USGS-EDC CD,
concatenate/import them into a 10-band ERDAS Imagine format
image
file, georegister to the USGS-EDC specifications, clip the
scene
to the approximate New Mexico State boundaries, move the
clipped
scene to the online SIMS archive, and write the full scene to
offline tape.
The
band order in the archived scenes is:
1- NOAA CHANNEL 1
6- NDVI
2- NOAA
CHANNEL 2 7- SATELLITE
ZENITH
3- NOAA CHANNEL
3 8- SOLAR ZENITH
4- NOAA CHANNEL 4 9- RELATIVE AZIMUTH
5- NOAA CHANNEL 5 10- DATE
The bands are
described in detail in the U.S. Geological Survey's
EROS Data Center (EDC)
documentation in APPENDIX I below.
The
attribute data for the "DATE" band is found in
APPENDIX II below.
A more precise description of the processing
steps is as follows:
1. Mount AVHRR CD
2. Read the 10
bands of information off the CD for each biweekly composited
scene, concatenate the 10 bands into a
single file, then import as an
ERDAS Imagine 10-band image file (of size 2889 rows x 4587 cols).
This
process was
automated with the C-shell script:
/db/local/imagery/bincom/avhrr_import.csh
99
NOTE: this
generates 10-band ERDAS Imagine format files, that are of
image size 2889 rows x 4587
cols, with filenames as follows:
avhrr99pPP.img
where: PP = bi-weekly growth period number
and bands in following
order::
1- NOAA
CHANNEL 1 6- NDVI
2- NOAA CHANNEL 2 7- SATELLITE ZENITH
3- NOAA CHANNEL 3 8- SOLAR ZENITH
4- NOAA
CHANNEL 4 9- RELATIVE
AZIMUTH
5- NOAA
CHANNEL 5 10- DATE
3.
Georegister the scene as follows:
Bring up ERDAS Imagine GUI, then Tools->ImageInfo tool and do:
1. File->Open->avhrr99pPP.img
2.
Edit->Change Map Model:
a.
Upper Left X: -2050000
b.
Upper Left Y: 752000
c. Pixel
Size X: 1000
d. Pixel Size Y:
1000
e. Units: meters
f. Projection: Lambert Azimuthal
Equal-area
NOTE: click OK,
then answer "Yes" to changing Map Model in all layers.
3. Edit->Add/Change Projection:
a. Spheroid Name: Sphere of Radius
6370997m
b. Datum Name:
Undefined
c. Longitude of
center of projection: 100:00:00 W
d. Latitude of center of projection: 45:00:00 N
e. False easting: 0.0 meters
f. False northing: 0.0 meters
NOTE: click OK, then answer
"Yes" to changing Map Model in all layers.
4. Edit->Change Layer Name:
a. Change bands 1 - 5 to Channel_1,
Channel_2, ..., Channel_5,respectively
b. Change band 6 to NDVI
c. Change bands 7 - 10 to SATELLITE_ZENITH, SOLAR
ZENITH,
RELATIVE_AZIMUTH,
and DATE, respectively
4. Clip full-scene to New Mexico minimum
bounding box (+50 Km buffer) with
coordinates ULx = -914000, ULy = -795000, LRx = -216000, LRy =
-1529000,
and dimensions 735
rows x 699 columns. This process was
automated with
the C-shell
scripts:
/db/local/imagery/bincom/batch_avhrr_clip2nm.csh, which calls:
/db/local/imagery/bincom/avhrr_clip2nm.csh
avhrr99pPP.img avhrr99pPPnm.img
NOTE: this generates 10-band ERDAS Imagine format files,
that are of
image
size 735 rows x 699 cols, with filenames as follows:
avhrr99pPPnm.img
5. Unix compress the NM clipped image, make
an archive directory, and move it
to the archive destination (/db/archive/imagery/avhrr/avhrr99pPP/).
This
process was automated with
the C-shell scripts:
/db/local/imagery/bincom/avhrr_archive.csh
NOTE: this generates Unix compressed
files with filenames as follows:
avhrr99pPPnm.img.Z
6.
Compress (gzip) and archive the full scene image to 4mm DAT tape, then
remove from online disk:
gzip avhrr99pPP.img
mt -f /dev/rmt/0cn fsf <#>
tar cvf /dev/rmt/0cn avhrr99pPP.img.gz
rm avhrr99pPP.img.gz
7. Copy
the most current yearly "USGS-EDC-AVHRR Dataset README" file off CD
for
inclusion in the online SIMS
IAF metadata file (avhrr99.dbf) for the images
(note, must also convert from DOS to Unix file):
dos2unix /cdrom/cdrom0/readme.1st
avhrr99readme.1st
8. Copy the "Date of Acquisition by
Pixel" attribute file off each CD, then
split by biweekly period for inclusion in GIS/RS Metadata
Abstract file
(avhrr99pPPnm.mda), and merge by year for inclusion in SIMS IAF
metadata
file (avhrr99.dbf).
This process was automated with the C-shell scripts:
dos2unix /cdrom/cdrom0/geom/date.att
avhrr99pPP-PPdate.att
/db/local/imagery/bincom/batch_avhrr_split_dateatt.csh, which
calls:
/db/local/imagery/bincom/avhrr_split_dateatt.csh
NOTE: must then copy the resulting
avhrr99pPPdate.att files to
respective archive area
(/db/archive/imagery/avhrr/avhrr99pPP/)
/db/local/imagery/bincom/avhrr_concat_dates.csh 99 >
avhrr99date.att
9. Generate (this) SIMS IAF metadata file (i.e.,
avhrr99.dbf) using template
file
(avhrr_dbf.tmpl), appending readme (avhrr99readme.1st) and date
files (avhrr99date.att) in places specified
in the template file; make
links to this SIMS IAF metadata file in
each of the archive directories
(/db/archive/imagery/avhrr/avhrr99pPP/).
ln -s
/db/archive/imagery/avhrr/metadata/avhrr99.dbf \
/db/archive/imagery/avhrr/avhrr99pPP/avhrr99.dbf
10. Generate
GIS/RS Metadata Abstract file for each image, put with image in
appropriate directory
(/db/archive/imagery/avhrr/avhrr99pPP/), then make
links to them from master metadata
directory. This process was automated
with the C-shell scripts:
/db/local/imagery/bincom/get_avhrr_dates.csh 99 avhrr99.dbf
"ARCYR" \
> avhrr99periods.txt
/db/local/imagery/bincom/batch_make_avhrr_abstract.csh
avhrr99periods.txt
which calls:
/db/local/imagery/bincom/make_avhrr_abstract.csh
ln -s /db/archive/imagery/avhrr/avhrr99pPP/avhrr99pPPnm.mda
\
/db/archive/imagery/avhrr/metadata/avhrr99pPPnm.mda
11.
Install (or link to) WWW security files in each respective archive area
(/db/archive/imagery/avhrr/avhrr99pPP/).
12. Generate WWW
HTML data access code file (avhrr99pPP.html) and install in
respective archive areas
(/db/archive/imagery/avhrr/avhrr99pPP/).
This
process was
automated with the C-shell scripts:
/db/local/imagery/bincom/batch_make_avhrr_wwwaccess.csh
avhrr99periods.txt
which
calls:
/db/local/imagery/bincom/make_avhrr_wwwaccess.csh
13.
Generate WWW HTML table code; then insert it in the master HTML index
file for AVHRR imagery. This process was partially automated with
the
C-shell script (i.e., WWW
HTML table code generation):
/db/local/imagery/bincom/batch_make_avhrr_wwwtablerow.csh \
avhrr99periods.txt
\
>
avhrr99rows.html
14. Provide
"imageaccess" archive access by linking from the public access
area to each scene
(/db/archive/imagery/avhrr/avhrr99pPP/avhrr99pPPnm.img.Z)
and adding to list of available images.
This process was partially
automated with the C-shell script (i.e., list generation):
/db/local/imagery/bincom/make_avhrr_periods_list.csh avhrr99periods.txt
###\
| tail +5 \
>>
/db/archive/imagery/avhrr/metadata/avhrr_periods.txt
##############################################################
VII. APPENDIX I - USGS EDC Metadata
THE 1999 CONTERMINOUS U.S. AVHRR BIWEEKLY
COMPOSITES
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
Data Set Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Procedures
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Scene Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
Satellite and
Solar Viewing Geometry. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Radiometric Calibration . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
Normalized
Difference Vegetation Index. . . . . . . . . . . .
Date of Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
Geometric
Registration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Compositing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous
Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CD-ROM Organization. . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
THE 1999 CONTERMINOUS U.S.
AVHRR BIWEEKLY COMPOSITES
INTRODUCTION
In 1987, the U.S. Geological Survey's EROS Data Center
(EDC), in Sioux Falls,
South Dakota, began receiving Advanced Very High
Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR)
data from NOAA polar-orbiting
satellites. The central location of the
EDC in
the United States enables direct reception of all AVHRR overpasses
of the
lower 48 States, as well as much of Canada and Mexico. Early in the 1990
growing season the
EDC started acquiring NOAA-11 AVHRR 1-km resolution daily
observations to
produce weekly and biweekly maximum normalized difference
vegetation index
(NDVI) composites of the conterminous United States
(Eidenshink,
1992). The objective of the vegetation
mapping program is to
compile, annually, a comprehensive series of calibrated,
georegistered, daily
observations, and biweekly maximum NDVI
composites. These data are being
published
on CD-ROM for distribution of the data set.
These data sets can be
used in environmental monitoring and global
climate change studies.
The vegetation diversity of the conterminous
United States provides
opportunities for using both AVHRR data and the
NDVI for monitoring vegetation
condition in several different ecosystems,
including forests, agricultural
crops, and grasslands. The data set provides a comprehensive
growing season
profile of these ecosystems, is extremely useful for
assessing seasonal
variations in vegetation conditions, and provides a
foundation for studying
long-term changes resulting from human or natural
factors.
DATA SET
CHARACTERISTICS
The data set is composed of twenty-six 14-day maximum NDVI
composites, created
from nearly 400 NOAA-14 images. The 26 core composite periods represent
a
continuous period from January 01, 1999 to December 30, 1999. The 1999 data set
is available as a set
of seven CD-ROM's. Each of the first six discs has four
biweekly
composites and miscellaneous data that are described later in this file.
The
seventh disc of the 1999 CD-ROM series contains a biweekly composite,
some
daily observation AVHRR scenes selected from key periods during the
1999 growing
season, and NDVI statistics of all counties in the
conterminous United States
for each composite period.
Each
daily observation includes nine bands of information: AVHRR channels 1-5,
NDVI,
satellite zenith, solar zenith, and relative azimuth. The daily
observations have been calibrated to reflectance,
scaled to byte data, and
geometrically registered to the Lambert Azimuthal
Equal Area map projection.
Each 14-day composite includes 10 bands
of information, the 9 bands described
above for each daily observation and
a 10th band, which is a pointer to
identify the date of the source daily
observation scene. The data for
each
pixel in the composite are extracted from the daily observation scene
on the
basis of the maximum NDVI compositing process.
The
14-day composite periods for 1999 were:
____________________________________________________
Period Date of coverage Julian day
____________________________________________________
1
01/01 - 01/14/1999 001
- 014
2 01/15 - 01/28/1999 015 - 028
3
01/29 - 02/11/1999 029
- 042
4 02/12 - 02/25/1999 043 - 056
5
02/26 - 03/11/1999 057
- 070
6 03/12 - 03/25/1999 071 - 084
7
03/26 - 04/08/1999 085
- 098
8 04/09 - 04/22/1999 099 - 112
9
04/23 - 05/06/1999 113
- 126
10 05/07 - 05/20/1999 127 - 140
11
05/21 - 06/03/1999 141
- 154
12 06/04 - 06/17/1999 155 - 168
13
06/18 - 07/01/1999 168
- 182
14 07/02 - 07/15/1999 183 - 196
15
07/16 - 07/29/1999 197 - 210
16
07/30 - 08/12/1999 211
- 224
17 08/13 - 08/26/1999 225 - 238
18
08/27 - 09/09/1999 239
- 252
19 09/10 - 09/23/1999 253 - 266
20
09/24 - 10/07/1999 267
- 280
21 10/08 - 10/21/1999 281 - 294
22
10/22 - 11/04/1999 295
- 308
23 11/05 - 11/18/1999 309 - 322
24
11/19 - 12/02/1999 323
- 336
25 12/03 - 12/16/1999 337 - 350
26
12/17 - 12/30/1999 351
- 364
____________________________________________________
The image
dimensions of each band are 2,889 lines and 4,587 samples (13
megabytes).
NOTE: Prior to the 1994 image
compositing the format of the Land Analysis
System (LAS) files contained a
512 byte header record followed by data blocked
into 512 byte segments for
each line. As a result the dimension
increased to
4,608 samples. The
LAS software package no longer has this criteria. Actual
image data is processed and reported as 2,889 lines
by 4,587 samples.
PROCEDURES
The sections that
follow describe the data processing flow that was used at
the EDC to
create a composite data set. All image
processing was conducted
using Land Analysis System (Ailts and others,
1990) software.
Scene Selection
Cloud-free AVHRR observations
of the land surface are necessary for monitoring
the vegetation
conditions. A single AVHRR overpass is
seldom completely cloud
free.
Holben (1986) showed that compositing AVHRR data acquired over
several
days produces spatially continuous cloud-free images over large
areas with
sufficient temporal resolution to study green vegetation
dynamics. The
duration of
consecutive daily observations is called the compositing period.
On a
daily basis during a composite period, each observation of NOAA-14 data
over
the conterminous United States was evaluated for cloud cover. Typically,
there are two satellite
overpasses per day, one over the eastern portion of
North America and a
second pass over the western part of the continent. Every
image that provided a clear observation of a large
ground surface area at
reasonable nadir viewing angles is included in the
composite. On an average,
30 daily
observations per biweekly period are included in the composite.
Satellite
and Solar Viewing Geometry
The availability of the viewing geometry
information allows studies on the
effects of off-nadir viewing and the investigation
of potential data
correction techniques.
The solar zenith angle is used during the calibration
process to
correct the solar illumination variability along an orbit.
The
computation of the solar and satellite geometry is a process that derives
the
satellite zenith, solar zenith, and relative azimuth angle for each image
pixel. The relative azimuth is the absolute
difference between the satellite
and solar azimuth angles. The computed angles do not exceed 180
degrees. A
separate image band is created
for each of these three angle computations.
The satellite zenith angle is computed in degrees, in which
nadir is
represented as 90 degrees.
Therefore, values less than 90 degrees represent
view angles in the
back scattered (easterly) direction and values greater than
90 represent
the forward scatter (westerly) direction.
Note that the
effective field of view of the satellite is
approximately 55 degrees each side
of nadir, but computed satellite zenith
angles can exceed 55 degrees because
of the curvature of the Earth.
The
relative azimuth angle is computed as the absolute difference between the
solar
azimuth and the satellite azimuth angles.
The computed values are in
the 0 - 180 range. The relative azimuth angle is computed
instead of separate
azimuth angles because only the absolute difference
between the azimuth angles
is required for atmospheric correction
algorithms. Also, saving only the
computed
relative azimuth angle requires only one band in a daily observation
and
composite image instead of two, which reduces the image storage
requirements
on CD-ROM.
Radiometric
Calibration
Radiometric calibration of the AVHRR visible and near-infrared
channels
(channels 1 and 2) is an important consideration because there is
poor
preflight calibration, no onboard calibration, and difficulty with
in-flight
calibration. Preflight
calibration coefficients can change while the
instrument is in storage, or
after launch, because of the space environment.
Degradation of AVHRR
sensors after launch has been well documented (Rao, 1987;
Price, 1987;
Holben and others, 1990). It was
determined shortly after launch
that the prelaunch coefficients provided
by NOAA were not useful. Changes
in
the response of Channel 1 after the launch were evident.
EDC's
ADAPS processing system converts raw digital counts c to percent
surface
reflectance R by
R =
(d*d/z)*kb(c-C),
where
d is the earth-sun distance in astronomical units,
z is the cosine of the solar zenith
angle,
k is 100 times the
inverse of the mean solar flux through the
bandpass, given in units of square meters microns per
watts
(the factor of 100
converts the reflectance to percent
reflectance),
b is the channel's gain coefficient in units of watts
per
square meter per
micron per digital count, and
C is the deep space digital count.
The inverse of the instrument gain coefficient and the deep
space digital
count are obtained from quadratic functions of time t,
which is specified
in units of days since launch:
1/b = a_2*t*t + a_1*t + a_0,
and
C = e_2*t*t + e_1*t + e_0.
A
look-up table gives the values of k and the quadratic coefficients
(a_0,
a_1, a_2; e_0, e_1, e_2) for each AVHRR sensor along with the
time period
over which these values are valid (Table 1 gives these values
for
NOAA-14). The values of the quadratic
coefficients are derived from
a variety of calibration studies (Teillet
and Holben, 1994).
Reflectance values for channels 1 and 2 were
converted to byte data, where
the range 0 - 254 represents 0 to 63.5
percent reflectance. The value
255
corresponds to reflectance greater than 63.5 percent. Any feature
with greater than 63 percent reflectance is
considered to be bright and
non-vegetative.
TABLE
1: NOAA-14's inverse mean solar fluxes and quadratic calibration
coefficients for the inverse
instrument gain coefficient and the
deep space digital count.
CHANNEL
k a_0 a_1
a_2 e_0 e_1
e_2 VALID TIME PERIOD
-------
----- ---- ---
--- ---- ---
--- -----------------
1
0.196 1.71 0.0
0.0 41.0 0.0
0.0 launch -> present
2
0.305 2.13 0.0
0.0 41.0 0.0
0.0 launch -> present
The
calibration coefficients for AVHRR thermal channels 3, 4, and 5 are
derived
onboard the satellite using a view of a stable black body and deep
space
as a reference (Kidwell, 1991). The
calibration process converts raw
data values to energy
(milliwatts/m**2-steradian-cm-1) using the following
formula:
E=a+bc
where:
E is energy,
a is the intercept,
b is the gain coefficient,
and
c is the digital
count.
Energy is converted to brightness temperature using the
inverse of Planck's
radiation function.
The brightness temperatures are represented in Kelvin
units. A scaling factor was used to convert the
brightness temperatures to
byte data.
A scaling factor of 202.5 is subtracted from the brightness
temperature
value and the difference is multiplied by 2 to maintain one half
percent
accuracy (i.e., a brightness temperature of 280 becomes 155).
Normalized Difference Vegetation
Index (NDVI)
The NDVI is the difference of near-infrared (channel 2) and
visible
(channel 1) reflectance values normalized over the sum of channels
1 and 2
(NIR-VIS)/(NIR+VIS). The
NDVI equation produces values in the range of -1.0
to 1.0, where
increasing positive values indicate increasing green vegetation
and
negative values indicate nonvegetated surface features such as water,
barren,
ice, snow, or clouds. The NDVI can be
derived at several points in
the processing flow. To retain the most precision, the NDVI is
derived after
calibration of channels 1 and 2, prior to scaling to byte
range. Computation
of the NDVI
must precede geometric registration and resampling to maintain
precision
in this calculation.
To
scale the computed NDVI results to byte data range, the NDVI computed
value,
which ranges from -1.0 to 1.0, is scaled to the range of 0 to 200,
where
computed -1.0 equals 0, computed 0 equals 100, and computed 1.0 equals
200. As a result, NDVI values less than 100 now
represent clouds, snow,
water, and other nonvegetative surfaces and values
equal to or greater than
100 represent vegetative surfaces.
Date of Acquisition
The
date of acquisition images are provided to allow a user to identify the
specific
daily observation used for each pixel.
The date images for each
composite identify each daily image as a
unique value. The unique value is
linked
to an inventory of the daily observations.
A complete list of daily
observations used in each composite period
is on this CD-ROM under the \GEOM
directory in file DATE.ATT.
Geometric
Registration
The process of compositing daily observations for each
biweekly period
required each daily overpass to be registered to a common
map projection to
ensure that, from day to day, each 1-km pixel
represented the same ground
location.
The map projection chosen for the data is the Lambert Azimuthal
Equal
Area. This projection is appropriate
for the North American Continent
because of its visual presentation and
equal area characteristic, which allows
easy measurement of area
throughout the data set.
To perform the image-to-image registration
of the data a base image was
developed as a reference. Tests have shown that the best way to
prepare the
base image is to register individual daily orbits to an
accurate base map.
The map base used is the hydrography layer of the U.S.
Geological Survey
1:2,000,000-scale digital line graph (DLG). The features in the DLG data,
such as
water bodies, rivers, and streams, are identifiable features in the
AVHRR
1-km data. The DLG data are rasterized
to 1-km cells and registered to
the Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area
projection before being used as the map base
for the data.
Approximately 20 near-nadir
cloud-free segments of NOAA-11 channel 2 daily
observations from the 1989
and 1990 growing season are manually registered to
the DLG data. Each segment is verified for accuracy (root-mean-square
error
less than 1 pixel). The
segments are digitally mosaicked to produce a single
base image of the
conterminous United States for registering the 1999 growing
season
data. The accuracy of this base image
is verified with a
root-mean-square error less than 1 pixel. Table 1 provides details on
projection
parameters.
Table 2. Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area (LAZEA) projection
_______________________________________________________________
Parameters:
Radius of sphere 6,370,997.0
meters
Longitude of central
meridian 100 00 00 West
Latitude of origin 45 00 00 North
False easting 0
False northing
0
Units of measure meters
Pixel size 1,000 meters
For the conterminous United
States (1999)
Center of pixel
(1,1) ( -2050000, 752000 )
Number of lines
2,889
Number of
samples 4,587
LAZEA minimum bounding rectangle:
In projection meters:
Lower left ( -2050500, -2136500 )
Upper left ( -2050500,
752500 )
Upper
right ( 2536500,
752500 )
Lower
right ( 2536500, -2136500 )
In decimal degrees of longitude and
latitude:
Lower left ( -119.9722899
23.5837576 )
Upper
left (
-128.5300591 48.4030555 )
Upper right (
-65.3946489 46.7048989 )
Lower right (
-75.4163527 22.4793919 )
In degrees, minutes, and seconds of
longitude and latitude:
Lower
left ( -119 58
20 23 35 02 )
Upper left ( -128 31 48
48 24 11 )
Upper
right ( -65 23 41 46 42 18 )
Lower right
( -75 24 59 22 28 46 )
________________________________________________________________
Each daily observation for the 1999 growing season is registered to the
base
image using image-to-image correlation. To improve overall registration
accuracy, 150 samples are
eliminated from each edge of the raw data image.
The 150 samples
represent the most extreme off-nadir pixels and are often the
source of
error in the image correlation process.
Then, the channel 2 data
for each daily observation are transformed
using the satellite orbit model.
Next, correlation of the original image
to the reference image is performed
using a set of 1000 selected ground
control points. If most of the
ground
control points are cloud covered in the daily observation, no
correlation is
defined and the image is rejected. Otherwise, the correlation is
determined
and the satellite transformation coefficients from the orbital
model are
revised. Then the raw
data (channels 1 - 5), NDVI, and satellite geometry
data are transformed
using the revised coefficients and nearest neighbor
resampling.
Compositing
The method for
determining the portion of each overpass to be included in the
composite
image was to retain pixels having the highest NDVI values. The NDVI
was examined pixel by pixel
for each overpass within the biweekly compositing
period to determine the
maximum value.
The retention of the highest NDVI value reduces the
number of
cloud-contaminated pixels because values for clouds and cloud
shadows are
generally less than 100 (in the byte-scaled data) and clear
day observations
of vegetated surfaces are equal to or greater than 100
(in the byte-scaled
data). The
result is a near cloud-free image that depicts the maximum
vegetative
greenness for the compositing period.
No data are selected from
the portion of an observation where the
solar zenith angle is greater than
eighty degrees. Angles greater than eighty degrees portray a
view of the
terminator or of darkness and can provide erroneous data. This circumstance
will only occur in
extreme northern latitudes in the winter.
The product of the
compositing process was a 10-band image that included the
maximum NDVI
value for each pixel during the composite period, the channels
1-5 and
satellite viewing geometry data from the chosen daily observations,
and a
pointer value that identified the satellite overpass from which that
pixel
was taken. Table 2 lists the data
included in each of the 10 bands.
Table 3. Band description of
composite images
__________________________________________________________________
Band
Description | Band
Description
__________________________________________________________________
1
AVHRR channel 1 | 6
NDVI
2 AVHRR channel 2 |
7 Satellite zenith
3
AVHRR channel 3 | 8
Solar zenith
4 AVHRR channel 4 |
9 Relative azimuth
5
AVHRR channel 5 | 10
Date
__________________________________________________________________
The
date of acquisition pointer is provided to allow a user to identify the
specific
AVHRR daily observation (satellite scene number) used for each pixel.
To
determine the date and scene number, first identify the date pointer
value
for the pixel within a composite period, then use the reference
table in file
DATE.ATT to determine the scene number.
Miscellaneous Data
When
displaying large areas with AVHRR data, an overlay or mask of familiar
linework,
such as county boundaries, can be used as a location aid. Several
images are included in the
\MISC directory to provide location information.
All of the linework
images represent lines in raster format as 1-km cells.
These data sets
include climatic division boundaries (CDLINES), major land
resource areas
boundaries (LRALINES), county boundaries (CTYLINES), and water
bodies
(WATERMSK). The climatic division lines
were digitized from NOAA base
maps.
The county lines are a modified version of the 1:2,000,000-scale
DLG
data. The major land resource
area boundaries were digitized from the U.S.
Department of Agriculture,
Soil Conservation Service (1981) maps.
The linework in the CDLINES
and LRALINES images is coded at the byte value
255. In the CTYLINES image, the county boundaries
identified by the coasts
and international borders are at value 253, the
county borders that are
coincident with State borders are at value 254,
and other county boundaries
are at value 255. This variable coding provides the capability to display
coastal,
State, or county boundaries from the same image. The water bodies
image has two unique identifiers. Water has a 0 value and land has a value
of 1.
Also included are
three raster polygon images that can be used in an overlay
process where
histograms or descriptive statistics could be computed for the
NDVI values
within a polygon. These images include
counties (CTYPOLY), major
land resource areas (LRAPOLY), and climatic
divisions (CDPOLY).
Each
polygon is in raster format and has a unique numeric identifier. Images
that include more than 256
unique polygons are stored in I*2 integer (16 bit)
format.
The attribute information that
identifies or characterizes each polygon is
included under the \MISC
directory. The attributes for the major
land
resource area polygons are in LRAPOLY.ATT. The fields in the file are
polyid -- the unique polygon identification number
mlra -- the major land resource area
(MLRA) identification code used by
the Soil Conservation Service
lratext -- text description of the MLRA
used by the Soil Conservation
Service
The unique polygon identification
number for the climatic division polygons
can be parsed into the State and
climatic division number within that State.
For example, climatic
district one in Arizona is polygon number 401.
The 4 is
the Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) State
identification number
for Arizona, and the 01 identifies the polygon as
division one. Climatic
district
one in Oklahoma is polygon number 4001, where 40 is the FIPS State
code
and 01 is division one.
The attributes for the county polygons
are in CTYPOLY.ATT. The fields in
the
file are
cntyid
-- the unique polygon identification number
npixels -- the number of pixels in each county
FIPS -- the FIPS State and county code
for each county
cname -- the
county name
sname -- the
State name
One of the standard products calculated from the
conterminous U.S. AVHRR data
set is a statistical summary of the NDVI, by
county, for each composite
period.
The statistical summaries for all 1999 compositing periods are
available
on the seventh disc. The statistical
summary can be imported to a
spreadsheet and a graph can be created to
show seasonal NDVI profiles. The
statistical
summary is linked to the CTYPOLY image by the key attribute CNTYID
that is
included in the CTYPOLY.ATT. This
summary can be merged with the
CTYPOLY image for representation in image
form.
The statistical summary for each composite period is stored in
separate tables
with a standard naming convention (CNTYP01.DAT is the
table for period 1,
CNTYP02.DAT for period 2, and so on). These tables are 80-character ASCII
files
with the following attributes and format:
___________________________________________________________________________
Col #
Fortran stmt. Description Definition
___________________________________________________________________________
1- 4 i4
CNTYID Unique identifier
for
each county polygon
5-10 1x,i5
FIPS FIPS code
11-18
1x,f7.2 MEAN Mean NDVI (with clouds,
water, negative NDVI
not
counted)
19-22
1x,i3 %USED The portion of all pixels
in county which are counted.
23-30 1x,f7.3 SD Standard deviation
31-34 1x,i3 MIN
Minimum value in county
35-38 1x,i3 MAX Maximum value
in county
39-46 1x,f7.2 MEDIAN
Median value
47-50 1x,i3 MODE
Mode value
51-54 1x,i3 PERIOD #
Composite period number
___________________________________________________________________________
The
NDVI statistics are calculated for each county after clouded pixels,
water
bodies, and negative NDVI values (the 0 - 100 range of the scaled
NDVI) are
masked out. The cloud
screening is done independently (and is not applied to
image data on the
CD-ROM) by using a threshold value of 240 for the sum of
channels 1 and 2
(values greater than 240 are considered clouds). The cloud-
screening technique includes an added indicator,
the attribute %USED. The
attribute
%USED represents the proportion of the pixels in a county (excluding
water
bodies) that were counted in the computation.
A low value in this
attribute can indicate cloud
contamination.
Added to the miscellaneous image file was the surface
water bodies mask.
These water bodies were separated using channel 2 from
daily AVHRR scenes.
Cloud-free scenes were selected through a visual
quality assessment of the
images.
After a threshold between land and water values was identified, a
binary
mask was computed and the water bodies data was added to a land
characteristic
data base. Approximately 50 AVHRR
scenes were used to create
the mask.
Unique numeric identifiers were used in the raster formatted
polygons
- water has the value of 0 and land has the value of 1.
Table
4. A list of miscellaneous image file
characteristics
__________________________________________________________
Name Type
Bands Lines Samples
__________________________________________________________
LRAPOLY I*2 1
2,889 4,587
LRALINES
Byte 1 2,889
4,587
CDPOLY I*2 1 2,889 4,587
CDLINES
Byte 1 2,889
4,587
CTYPOLY I*2 1
2,889 4,587
CTYLINES
Byte 1 2,889
4,587
WATERMSK Byte 1
2,889 4,587
__________________________________________________________
CD-ROM ORGANIZATION
A
large volume of data was generated during the construction of this data
base. The data stored on each CD-ROM required ten
6,250-bpi magnetic tapes.
The data are organized in a directory structure
that logically separates the
data components. This structure is:
README.1ST
\AVHRR
README \LABELS
\IMAGES
\NDVI
README \LABELS \IMAGES
\GEOM
README
\LABELS \IMAGES
\MISC
README
\LABELS \IMAGES
\DEMO
README
\SOFTWARE
README
Each directory on the disc contains data that are
similar in type. Each
directory
also contains an ASCII text file (README) that details the contents
of the
directory.
The data files
and LAS header files (files with name extensions .DDR) are in
the \IMAGES
subdirectories, and the image label files are in the \LABELS
subdirectories. To get a quick start looking at the image
files, label files
for each image are included in the \LABELS directory
using the same file name
as the image file it describes in the \IMAGES
subdirectory. These label files
were
designed for use by the public domain MS-DOS personal computer IMDISP
image
display software developed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in
Pasadena,
California. IMDISP users can access the
images on this CD-ROM by
selecting the image name in the \LABELS
subdirectory, which automatically
accesses the header information required
by the software to retrieve the image
data. The data dimensions of each band are 2,889 lines and 4,587
samples (13
megabytes).
The \AVHRR directory contains the five
channels of AVHRR data associated with
the four biweekly composites on
each CD-ROM. Each band of each
biweekly
composite file is uniquely named using the convention
P01CH1.IMG
where P01
identifies composite period 1 and CH1 identifies the image as
channel
1. The daily observations on the
seventh disc are named using the
same convention, with D01 referring to
the first daily observation. The
image
files are stored in the \IMAGES subdirectory.
The \NDVI directory contains the
single band computed NDVI for the biweekly
AVHRR composite data sets and
is named using the convention:
P01NDVI.IMG
where P01 identifies composite period 1 and NDVI
identifies the image as a
vegetation index image. The seventh disc contains a December 2-week
composite
period P25NDVI and some daily observation scenes. The image files are stored
in the
\IMAGES subdirectory.
The \GEOM directory contains the satellite and
solar zenith and relative
azimuth information for each pixel in the AVHRR
composite images. This
directory
also contains the date images for each of the composites, as well as
the
DATE.ATT attribute file.
The \MISC directory contains the political
(CTYLINES, CTYPOLY), climatic
divisions (CDLINES, CDPOLY), and land
resource area (LRALINES, LRAPOLY) raster
line and polygon images, which
are useful for display or in digital analysis
procedures. Attribute files related to these are
included as files
CTYPOLY.ATT and LRAPOLY.ATT.
The \DEMO
directory contains a batch job that runs under DOS and uses the
display
program, IMDISP. This program displays
images from the 1990
Conterminous U.S.
AVHRR Biweekly Composites set.
The display files are
compressed samples of these images. To initiate the demo program, enter
"DEMO"
at the DOS prompt.
The
\SOFTWARE directory contains programs to allow the PC-DOS user to display
and
interact with the digital images on the CD's.
These public domain
programs include
IMDISP -
An image display program developed by NASA's Jet Propulsion
Laboratory. The most recent version is included on this
disc. See
the IMDISP documentation file
IMDISP.DOC, located in the \SOFTWARE
directory, and use the IMDISP help command for further
details.
CONVERT - A conversion program included with IMDISP
that allows the
conversion of a raster image to integer, byte, nibble, or binary
format.
COPIM -
A copy program that allows copying all or portions of a raster
image and puts IMDISP compatible
label records at the front of the
image.
COMBINE - A utility for combining
two or more images as a single new image.
This utility has options to:
1. Combine up to three separate
images into a single new
black-and-white image and also create a customized color
palette of up to 255 colors that,
along with the new combined
image, allows a color simulation of a 3-band false color
composite image suitable for
display on an 8-bit PC color
monitor; these colors are a very close approximation of how the
image would appear on a 24-bit
color display.
2.
Automatically "stretch" or brighten an existing palette.
3. Embed one image (such as
raster
linework) within
a second image.
The resultant images and palettes
created by
the COMBINE
utility are compatible with the
IMDISP display program. It takes
approximately
4 minutes to
process a 512 lines by 512
samples, 3-image false color composite when the
input and output images are on hard
disk. To
run this utility type COMBINE and
respond to
the prompts
requesting the input image names,
output image name, and output palette name.
LL2LAM -
Converts latitude and longitude coordinates to Lambert Azimuthal
Equal Area projection
coordinates.
LAM2LL - Converts Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area
projection coordinates to
latitude and longitude coordinates.
LL2LS - Converts latitude and longitude to line and
sample coordinates in
the Conterminous U.S. AVHRR data
set. This data set is in the
Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area
projection.
LS2LL - Converts line and sample coordinates in
the Conterminous U.S.
AVHRR data set to latitude and
longitude.
There are no
restrictions on making copies of IMDISP or any of the other
public domain
programs for use on other PC's or with other raster images.
*
NOTE: Prior to displaying any of the
following images with IMDISP, the
command "SET SWAP" must be run to reset the display for
16-bit
integer data. This command must be run after the image has
been
selected with the
IMDISP "FILES" command.
CTYPOLY.LBL - County polygon data
CDPOLY.LBL
- Climatic polygon data
LRAPOLY.LBL
- LRA polygon data
DEM.LBL - Digital elevation
data
For more
information please contact Customer Services, EROS Data Center, U.S.
Geological
Survey, Sioux Falls, SD 57198, (605)594-6151, FAX (605)594-6589.
REFERENCES
Ailts, B.,
Akkerman, D., Quirk, B., and Steinwand, D., 1990, LAS 5.0 -- an
image processing system for research and
production environments:
American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing-American
Congress
on Surveying and
Mapping Annual Convention, Denver, Colorado,
March 18-23, 1990, Proceedings, v. 4, p. 1-12.
Eidenshink,
J.C., 1992, The 1990 conterminous U.S. AVHRR data set:
Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, vol. 58, no.
6,
pp. 809-813.
Holben,
B.N., 1986, Characteristics of maximum-value composite images from
temporal AVHRR data: The International
Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 7,
no. 11, p. 1417.
Holben, B.N., Kaufman, Y.J., and Kendall,
J.D., 1990, NOAA-11 AVHRR visible
and near-IR in-flight calibration: The International Journal of
Remote
Sensing, v. 11, no. 8,
p. 1511.
Kidwell, K.B., 1991, NOAA Polar Orbiter Data Users' Guide:
National Oceanic
and
Atmospheric Administration, World Weather Building, Room 100,
Washington, D.C.
Price, John
C., 1987, Calibration of satellite radiometers and the comparison
of vegetation indices: Remote Sensing of the Environment, v. 21,
no.
15, pp. 15-27.
Rao, Nagaraja C. R., 1987, Pre-launch
calibration of channels 1 and 2 of
Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer: NOAA Technical Report NESDIS
36, Satellite Research Laboratory, National Environmental
Satellite,
Data, and
Information Service, Washington, D.C., 62 p.
Teillet, P.M. and
Holben, B.N., 1994, Towards Operational Radiometric
Calibration of NOAA AVHRR Imagery in the Visible and Near-Infrared
Channels, Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 20, no. 1,
pp. 1-10.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service,
1981, Land resource
regions
and major land resource areas of the United States: Agricultural
Handbook 296, 156 p.
Acknowledgments
A
number of individuals contributed to the successful completion of the
AVHRR
Conterminous U.S. composite data, including various operations staff
and
digital data production scientists.
Jesslyn F. Brown and Richard A. McKinney
provided excellent
technical reviews.
Jeffery C.
Eidenshink
Mary C. Weinheimer
Michael E.
Madigan
##############################################################
VIII.
APPENDIX II - Pixel Date Attribute Table
PERIOD
INDEX SCENEID Date GMT
------
----- ---------------- -------
--------
1 1
ah14010199195209 01-01-99 19:52:09
2
ah14010199213229 01-01-99 21:32:29
3
ah14010299194119 01-02-99 19:41:19
4
ah14010299212113 01-02-99 21:21:13
5
ah14010399193029 01-03-99 19:30:29
6
ah14010399210943 01-03-99 21:09:43
7
ah14010499191941 01-04-99 19:19:41
8
ah14010499205829 01-04-99 20:58:29
9
ah14010499224307 01-04-99 22:43:07
10
ah14010599190854 01-05-99 19:08:54
11
ah14010599204322 01-05-99 20:43:22
12 ah14010699203259 01-06-99 20:32:59
13 ah14010699221906
01-06-99 22:19:06
11 ah14010599204322
01-05-99 20:43:22
14 ah14010799184754
01-07-99 18:47:54
15 ah14010799202150
01-07-99 20:21:50
16
ah14010799220730 01-07-99 22:07:30
101
ah14010899201400 01-08-99 20:14:00
102
ah14010899215540 01-08-99 21:55:40
103
ah14010999200307 01-09-99 20:03:07
104
ah14010999214406 01-09-99 21:44:06
105
ah14011099195214 01-10-99 19:52:14
105
ah14011099195214 01-10-99 19:52:14
106
ah14011099213238 01-10-99 21:32:38
107
ah14011199194123 01-11-99 19:41:23
108 ah14011199212117 01-11-99
21:21:17
109 ah14011299193034 01-12-99 19:30:34
110 ah14011299210947
01-12-99 21:09:47
111 ah14011299225946
01-12-99 22:59:46
112 ah14011399191945
01-13-99 19:19:45
113 ah14011399205833
01-13-99 20:58:33
114 ah14011399224309
01-13-99 22:43:09
115 ah14011499204720
01-14-99 20:47:20
116 ah14011499223100
01-14-99 22:31:00
2
1 ah14011599185829 01-15-99
18:58:29
2 ah14011599203610 01-15-99 20:36:10
3 ah14011599221910
01-15-99 22:19:10
1 ah14011599185829
01-15-99 18:58:29
2 ah14011599203610
01-15-99 20:36:10
3 ah14011599221910 01-15-99 22:19:10
4
ah14011699202159 01-16-99 20:21:59
5
ah14011699220734 01-16-99 22:07:34
6
ah14011799201404 01-17-99 20:14:04
7
ah14011899200311 01-18-99 20:03:11
8 ah14011899214410 01-18-99
21:44:10
9 ah14011999195219 01-19-99 19:52:19
10 ah14011999213237
01-19-99 21:32:37
11 ah14012099194128
01-20-99 19:41:28
12 ah14012099212121
01-20-99 21:21:21
13 ah14012199193038
01-21-99 19:30:38
14 ah14012199210951
01-21-99 21:09:51
101 ah14012299191950
01-22-99 19:19:50
102 ah14012299205837
01-22-99 20:58:37
103 ah14012299224258
01-22-99 22:42:58
104 ah14012399204724
01-23-99 20:47:24
105 ah14012399223104
01-23-99 22:31:04
106 ah14012499203612
01-24-99 20:36:12
107 ah14012499221911
01-24-99 22:19:11
108 ah14012599184817 01-25-99 18:48:17
109
ah14012599202516 01-25-99 20:25:16
110
ah14012699201407 01-26-99 20:14:07
111
ah14012699215545 01-26-99 21:55:45
112
ah14012799200313 01-27-99 20:03:13
113 ah14012799214411 01-27-99
21:44:11
114 ah14012899195221 01-28-99 19:52:21
115 ah14012899213241
01-28-99 21:32:41
3
1 ah14012999194128 01-29-99
19:41:28
2 ah14012999211720 01-29-99 21:17:20
3 ah14013099193038 01-30-99
19:30:38
4 ah14013099210949 01-30-99 21:09:49
5 ah14013199191949
01-31-99 19:19:49
6 ah14020199190916
02-01-99 19:09:16
7 ah14020199204320
02-01-99 20:43:20
8 ah14020199223100
02-01-99 22:31:00
9 ah14020299203609
02-02-99 20:36:09
10 ah14020299221908
02-02-99 22:19:08
11 ah14020399184815
02-03-99 18:48:15
12 ah14020399202513 02-03-99 20:25:13
13
ah14020399220716 02-03-99 22:07:16
14
ah14020499201403 02-04-99 20:14:03
101
ah14020599200309 02-05-99 20:03:09
102
ah14020599214406 02-05-99 21:44:06
103 ah14020699195217 02-06-99
19:52:17
104 ah14020699213233 02-06-99 21:32:33
105 ah14020799194125
02-07-99 19:41:25
106 ah14020799212116
02-07-99 21:21:16
107 ah14020899193035
02-08-99 19:30:35
108
ah14020899210945 02-08-99 21:09:45
109
ah14020999205831 02-09-99 20:58:31
110
ah14020999224250 02-09-99 22:42:50
111
ah14021099190913 02-10-99 19:09:13
112
ah14021099204717 02-10-99 20:47:17
113
ah14021099223055 02-10-99 22:30:55
114
ah14021199185841 02-11-99 18:58:41
115
ah14021199203605 02-11-99 20:36:05
116
ah14021199221902 02-11-99 22:19:02
4 1 ah14021299202509 02-12-99
20:25:09
2 ah14021299220711 02-12-99 22:07:11
3 ah14021399201359
02-13-99 20:13:59
4 ah14021399215535
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####################
END DOC SECTION #########################
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